{"id":"CVE-2025-12816","revision":null,"records":[{"revision":"bd2283db5ac6496eac9ce3eace9d7b4d","observedAt":"2026-10-23T15:48:27.903+00:00","statement":{"source":"cve-program","id":"CVE-2025-12816","aliases":[],"title":"CVE-2025-12816","description":"An interpretation-conflict (CWE-436) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and earlier enables unauthenticated attackers to craft ASN.1 structures to desynchronize schema validations, yielding a semantic divergence that may bypass downstream cryptographic verifications and security decisions.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2025-11-25T19:15:50.243+00:00","modifiedAt":"2025-11-25T21:04:09.432+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"Vendor product","name":"node-forge","ranges":[],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":"{\n                    \"vendor\": \"Digital Bazaar\",\n                    \"product\": \"node-forge\",\n                    \"versions\": [\n                        {\n                            \"status\": \"affected\",\n                            \"version\": \"0\",\n                            \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"1.3.1\",\n                            \"versionType\": \"semver\"\n                        }\n                    ]\n                }"},{"ecosystem":"Vendor product","name":"forge","ranges":[],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":"{\n                    \"vendor\": \"Digital Bazaar\",\n                    \"product\": \"forge\",\n                    \"versions\": [\n                        {\n                            \"status\": \"affected\",\n                            \"version\": \"0\",\n                            \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"1.3.1\",\n                            \"versionType\": \"semver\"\n                        }\n                    ]\n                }"}],"metrics":[],"references":["https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-forge","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/pull/1124","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge","https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/521113","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq"],"sourceUrl":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-12816","license":"CVE Program Terms of Use","key":"cve-program:CVE-2025-12816","identifiers":["CVE-2025-12816"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"0bbd87861e1d444d892ca03a1ce97ad1","observedAt":"2026-11-09T02:11:04.04+00:00","statement":{"source":"euvd","id":"EUVD-2025-199630","aliases":["CVE-2025-12816","GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq"],"title":"An interpretation-conflict (CWE-436) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and earlier enables unauthenticated attackers to craft ASN.1 structures to desynchronize schema validations, yielding a semantic divergence that may bypass down…","description":"An interpretation-conflict (CWE-436) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and earlier enables unauthenticated attackers to craft ASN.1 structures to desynchronize schema validations, yielding a semantic divergence that may bypass downstream cryptographic verifications and security decisions.","state":0,"publishedAt":null,"modifiedAt":null,"affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"EUVD CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":8.6,"severity":null}],"references":["https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-forge","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/pull/1124","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge","https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/521113","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq"],"sourceUrl":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-199630","license":"ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":null,"weaknesses":[],"productCriteria":[],"sourceDates":{"datePublished":"Nov 25, 2025, 7:15:50 PM","dateUpdated":"Nov 25, 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Red Hat Migration Toolkit for 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Hat Security Advisory: RHACS 4.8.8 security and bug fix update","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2025-12816","CVE-2025-15284","CVE-2025-58183","CVE-2025-61729","CVE-2025-66031","CVE-2025-66506","CVE-2025-66564","CVE-2025-68428","CVE-2025-68973","CVE-2026-22029"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:2256","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat multicluster global hub 1.5.3 security update","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2025-12816","CVE-2025-15284","CVE-2025-66418","CVE-2025-66471","CVE-2025-68429","CVE-2026-21441"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:40984","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation 4.20.15 security, enhancement & bug fix update","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2025-12816","CVE-2025-13465","CVE-2025-15284","CVE-2025-66031","CVE-2025-68157","CVE-2025-68458","CVE-2025-69873","CVE-2026-4800","CVE-2026-22029","CVE-2026-25128","CVE-2026-25896","CVE-2026-26278","CVE-2026-26996","CVE-2026-27904","CVE-2026-27942","CVE-2026-29063","CVE-2026-33036","CVE-2026-33186","CVE-2026-33815","CVE-2026-33816","CVE-2026-34986","CVE-2026-48779"]}],"note":"EUVD source date text has no stated timezone and is retained without inventing a UTC instant. Related bulletin membership is not an alias, common cause or applicability claim. A missing vector with a zero score is treated as unrated. Complete vendor/product and underlying source evidence remains in the original JSON."},"key":"euvd:EUVD-2025-199630","identifiers":["EUVD-2025-199630","CVE-2025-12816","GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"8603969d0766459a9f69811758e7346c","observedAt":"2026-10-25T01:17:29.167+00:00","statement":{"source":"nvd","id":"CVE-2025-12816","aliases":[],"title":"An interpretation-conflict (CWE-436) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and earlier enables unauthenticated attackers to craft ASN.1 structures to desynchronize schema validations, yielding a semantic divergence that may bypass down…","description":"An interpretation-conflict (CWE-436) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and earlier enables unauthenticated attackers to craft ASN.1 structures to desynchronize schema validations, yielding a semantic divergence that may bypass downstream cryptographic verifications and security decisions.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2025-11-25T20:15:58.87+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-10-18T20:10:00.11+00:00","affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 3.1 · 134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0 · Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":8.6,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/pull/1124","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq","https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/521113","https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-forge","https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/521113"],"sourceUrl":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12816","license":"NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":"Analyzed","weaknesses":["CWE-436"],"productCriteria":["cpe:2.3:a:digitalbazaar:forge:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*"],"sourceDates":{"published":"2025-11-25T20:15:58.870","lastModified":"2026-10-18T20:10:00.110"},"relatedAdvisories":[],"note":"NVD analysis and CPE criteria are source context, not proof that a package or your environment is affected. Complete affected data, logical configurations and SSVC are retained in the original JSON."},"key":"nvd:CVE-2025-12816","identifiers":["CVE-2025-12816"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"c7c531d8ff234d2fa4d7c72b8fb31327","observedAt":"2026-10-24T13:17:17.793+00:00","statement":{"source":"osv","id":"GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq","aliases":["CVE-2025-12816"],"title":"node-forge has an Interpretation Conflict vulnerability via its ASN.1 Validator Desynchronization","description":"### Summary\n\nCVE-2025-12816 has been reserved by CERT/CC\n\n**Description**\nAn Interpretation Conflict (CWE-436) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and below enables remote, unauthenticated attackers to craft ASN.1 structures to desynchronize schema validations, yielding a semantic divergence that may bypass downstream cryptographic verifications and security decisions.\n\n\n### Details\n\nA critical ASN.1 validation bypass vulnerability exists in the node-forge asn1.validate function within `forge/lib/asn1.js`. ASN.1 is a schema language that defines data structures, like the typed record schemas used in X.509, PKCS#7, PKCS#12, etc. DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules), a strict binary encoding of ASN.1, is what cryptographic code expects when verifying signatures, and the exact bytes and structure must match the schema used to compute and verify the signature. After deserializing DER, Forge uses static ASN.1 validation schemas to locate the signed data or public key, compute digests over the exact bytes required, and feed digest and signature fields into cryptographic primitives.\n\nThis vulnerability allows a specially crafted ASN.1 object to desynchronize the validator on optional boundaries, causing a malformed optional field to be semantically reinterpreted as the subsequent mandatory structure. This manifests as logic bypasses in cryptographic algorithms and protocols with optional security features (such as PKCS#12, where MACs are treated as absent) and semantic interpretation conflicts in strict protocols (such as X.509, where fields are read as the wrong type).\n\n### Impact\n\nThis flaw allows an attacker to desynchronize the validator, allowing critical components like digital signatures or integrity checks to be skipped or validated against attacker-controlled data.\n\nThis vulnerability impacts the `ans1.validate` function in `node-forge` before patched version `1.3.2`.\nhttps://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/main/lib/asn1.js.\n\nThe following components in `node-forge` are impacted.\n[lib/asn1.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/asn1.js#L1153)\n[lib/x509.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/x509.js#L667)\n[lib/pkcs12.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pkcs12.js#L328)\n[lib/pkcs7.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pkcs7.js#L90)\n[lib/rsa.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/rsa.js#L1167)\n[lib/pbe.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pbe.js#L363)\n[lib/ed25519.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/ed25519.js#L81)\n\nAny downstream application using these components is impacted.\n\nThese components may be leveraged by downstream applications in ways that enable full compromise of integrity, leading to potential availability and confidentiality compromises.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2025-11-26T22:07:19+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-09-10T03:50:30.5661758+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"npm","name":"node-forge","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"kind":"introduced","version":"0"},{"kind":"fixed","version":"1.3.2"}]}],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":null}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS_V3","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":null,"severity":null},{"system":"CVSS_V4","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","score":null,"severity":null},{"system":"Publisher rating","vector":null,"score":null,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/pull/1124","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/asn1.js#L1153","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/ed25519.js#L81","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pbe.js#L363","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pkcs12.js#L328","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pkcs7.js#L90","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/rsa.js#L1167","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/x509.js#L667","https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/521113","https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/521113","https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-forge"],"sourceUrl":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq","license":"GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0","key":"osv:GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq","identifiers":["GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq","CVE-2025-12816"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]}],"coverage":[{"source":"cisa-kev:global","scope":"Complete CISA KEV catalog; all vendors. Missing entries do not establish absence of exploitation.","generation":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.5744295+00:00","complete":true,"records":1769,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.5744295+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.8100724+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.8100756+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"cve-program","scope":"Official CVE Program baseline and cumulative hourly delta; all vendors, published and rejected records","generation":"cve-24e6fde7b744113daefb8f6135035fb8a5c69c9617c9c0d40574a0376532ffd3-61bf15172f364246efc204ad9b25e3f89710939e13c23b3efb3d009b5fdad808","complete":true,"records":421290,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:14.4940664+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-09T05:02:14.5253969+00:00","error":"HttpRequestException","lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-09T05:02:14.5383867+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":"2026-11-09T04:29:38+00:00","importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"euvd","scope":"Rolling EUVD lookups of CVE aliases in current public OSV archives; 500 identifiers per refresh, rechecked after 48 hours. Not a global EUVD catalog. Successful not-found lookups count as checked; they do not imply withdrawal or safety. No reader inventory is sent.","generation":"enrichment-52f0bd58a8564ba89a1952b43ef3bc92","complete":false,"records":13654,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-09T06:14:09.0160642+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-09T06:14:09.013+00:00","error":"8 identifier lookups failed; latest failures include HTTP 403. Other identifiers were checked independently.","lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-09T06:14:09.013+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":13674,"expectedIdentifiers":13706,"failedIdentifiers":8},{"source":"first-epss:nuget","scope":"FIRST EPSS for explicit CVE aliases in the collected public NuGet archive. Not a global EPSS backfill.","generation":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.5744295+00:00","complete":true,"records":1096,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.5744295+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.8108397+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.81084+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"nvd","scope":"Rolling NVD lookups of CVE aliases in current public OSV archives; 500 identifiers per refresh, rechecked after 48 hours. Not a global NVD catalog. Successful not-found lookups count as checked; they do not imply withdrawal or safety. No reader inventory is sent.","generation":"enrichment-5a44a451442747cb81d83104fe1e7771","complete":true,"records":13666,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:16.371904+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-09T02:08:52.274+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-09T02:08:52.274+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":13706,"expectedIdentifiers":13706,"failedIdentifiers":0},{"source":"osv:Go","scope":"Complete OSV Go ecosystem archive, including withdrawn and malicious-package source records; statement counts are not unique CVE counts","generation":"go-980593e6977a6d1b4fb1eed5a1ffe88a468736f89f0a06f710924ad59132c023","complete":true,"records":9914,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.5156789+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-08T11:07:07.068788+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.5156789+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":"2026-11-08T11:02:46+00:00","importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"osv:NuGet","scope":"Complete OSV NuGet ecosystem archive, including GitHub Advisory Database records; NuGet version matching only","generation":"nuget-fde804134ecdda0ddd5ff5c26ee1fff5a6fa659311f7ef2e51c6ad54964db0e2","complete":true,"records":1971,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:14.6970768+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-06T19:03:17.0399903+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:14.6970768+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":"2026-11-06T18:17:57+00:00","importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"osv:crates.io","scope":"Complete OSV crates.io ecosystem archive, including withdrawn and malicious-package source records; statement counts are not unique CVE counts","generation":"crates.io-f6d341f4320a5a0c059c28102ee651c3dd06abc87b84d2bafa4e2a823ec07d35","complete":true,"records":3056,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.5284383+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-09T05:02:23.1539412+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.5284383+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":"2026-11-09T04:47:48+00:00","importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"osv:npm","scope":"Complete OSV npm ecosystem archive, including withdrawn and malicious-package source records; statement counts are not unique CVE counts","generation":"npm-6a1c845b1938b1aa788f0e95c9ac8a8d5a1f07caed5d155840b0616b548c1455","complete":true,"records":231296,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.4064738+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-09T04:03:49.859595+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-09T06:02:15.4064738+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":"2026-11-09T03:33:06+00:00","importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null}]}