{"id":"EUVD-2025-29226","revision":null,"records":[{"revision":"91b113b632d74c0e96074271a186efcf","observedAt":"2026-10-23T15:48:27.903+00:00","statement":{"source":"cve-program","id":"CVE-2025-59144","aliases":[],"title":"debug@4.4.2 contains malware after npm account takeover","description":"debug is a JavaScript debugging utility. On 8 September 2025, the npm publishing account for debug was taken over after a phishing attack. Version 4.4.2 was published, functionally identical to the previous patch version, but with a malware payload added attempting to redirect cryptocurrency transactions to the attacker's own addresses from within browser environments. Local environments, server environments, command line applications, etc. are not affected. If the package was used in a browser context (e.g. a direct <script> inclusion, or via a bundling tool such as Babel, Rollup, Vite, Next.js, etc.) there is a chance the malware still exists and such bundles will need to be rebuilt. The malware seemingly only targets cryptocurrency transactions and wallets such as MetaMask. npm removed the offending package from the registry over the course of the day on 8 September, preventing further downloads from npm proper. On 13 September, the package owner published new patch versions to help cache-bust those using private registries who might still have the compromised version cached. Users should upgrade to the latest patch version, completely remove their node_modules directory, clean their package manager's global cache, and rebuild any browser bundles from scratch. Those operating private registries or registry mirrors should purge the offending versions from any caches. This issue has been resolved in 4.4.3.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2025-09-15T19:10:04.053+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-09-23T16:08:56.854+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"Vendor product","name":"debug","ranges":[],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":"{\n                    \"vendor\": \"debug-js\",\n                    \"product\": \"debug\",\n                    \"versions\": [\n                        {\n                            \"version\": \"= 4.4.2\",\n                            \"status\": \"affected\"\n                        }\n                    ]\n                }"}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 4.0","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:A/U:Red","score":8.8,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/debug-js/debug/security/advisories/GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px","https://github.com/debug-js/debug/issues/1005","https://socket.dev/blog/npm-author-qix-compromised-in-major-supply-chain-attack","https://www.aikido.dev/blog/npm-debug-and-chalk-packages-compromised","https://www.ox.security/blog/npm-packages-compromised"],"sourceUrl":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-59144","license":"CVE Program Terms of Use","key":"cve-program:CVE-2025-59144","identifiers":["CVE-2025-59144"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"6f7141c8268e4861b37a2193af1dcc80","observedAt":"2026-11-07T02:43:30.106+00:00","statement":{"source":"euvd","id":"EUVD-2025-29226","aliases":["CVE-2025-59144","GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px"],"title":"debug is a JavaScript debugging utility. On 8 September 2025, the npm publishing account for debug was taken over after a phishing attack. Version 4.4.2 was published, functionally identical to the previous patch version, but with a malware…","description":"debug is a JavaScript debugging utility. On 8 September 2025, the npm publishing account for debug was taken over after a phishing attack. Version 4.4.2 was published, functionally identical to the previous patch version, but with a malware payload added attempting to redirect cryptocurrency transactions to the attacker's own addresses from within browser environments. Local environments, server environments, command line applications, etc. are not affected. If the package was used in a browser context (e.g. a direct <script> inclusion, or via a bundling tool such as Babel, Rollup, Vite, Next.js, etc.) there is a chance the malware still exists and such bundles will need to be rebuilt. The malware seemingly only targets cryptocurrency transactions and wallets such as MetaMask. npm removed the offending package from the registry over the course of the day on 8 September, preventing further downloads from npm proper. On 13 September, the package owner published new patch versions to help cache-bust those using private registries who might still have the compromised version cached. Users should upgrade to the latest patch version, completely remove their node_modules directory, clean their package manager's global cache, and rebuild any browser bundles from scratch. Those operating private registries or registry mirrors should purge the offending versions from any caches. This issue has been resolved in 4.4.3.","state":0,"publishedAt":null,"modifiedAt":null,"affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"EUVD CVSS 4.0","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:A/U:Red","score":8.8,"severity":null}],"references":["https://github.com/debug-js/debug/security/advisories/GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px","https://github.com/debug-js/debug/issues/1005","https://socket.dev/blog/npm-author-qix-compromised-in-major-supply-chain-attack","https://www.aikido.dev/blog/npm-debug-and-chalk-packages-compromised","https://www.ox.security/blog/npm-packages-compromised"],"sourceUrl":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-29226","license":"ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":null,"weaknesses":[],"productCriteria":[],"sourceDates":{"datePublished":"Sep 15, 2025, 7:10:04 PM","dateUpdated":"Sep 23, 2026, 4:08:56 PM"},"relatedAdvisories":[],"note":"EUVD source date text has no stated timezone and is retained without inventing a UTC instant. Related bulletin membership is not an alias, common cause or applicability claim. A missing vector with a zero score is treated as unrated. Complete vendor/product and underlying source evidence remains in the original JSON."},"key":"euvd:EUVD-2025-29226","identifiers":["EUVD-2025-29226","CVE-2025-59144","GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"0e19e9b217cc493b8aa7d8ebbccf55bd","observedAt":"2026-10-25T03:17:18.142+00:00","statement":{"source":"nvd","id":"CVE-2025-59144","aliases":[],"title":"debug is a JavaScript debugging utility. On 8 September 2025, the npm publishing account for debug was taken over after a phishing attack. Version 4.4.2 was published, functionally identical to the previous patch version, but with a malware…","description":"debug is a JavaScript debugging utility. On 8 September 2025, the npm publishing account for debug was taken over after a phishing attack. Version 4.4.2 was published, functionally identical to the previous patch version, but with a malware payload added attempting to redirect cryptocurrency transactions to the attacker's own addresses from within browser environments. Local environments, server environments, command line applications, etc. are not affected. If the package was used in a browser context (e.g. a direct <script> inclusion, or via a bundling tool such as Babel, Rollup, Vite, Next.js, etc.) there is a chance the malware still exists and such bundles will need to be rebuilt. The malware seemingly only targets cryptocurrency transactions and wallets such as MetaMask. npm removed the offending package from the registry over the course of the day on 8 September, preventing further downloads from npm proper. On 13 September, the package owner published new patch versions to help cache-bust those using private registries who might still have the compromised version cached. Users should upgrade to the latest patch version, completely remove their node_modules directory, clean their package manager's global cache, and rebuild any browser bundles from scratch. Those operating private registries or registry mirrors should purge the offending versions from any caches. This issue has been resolved in 4.4.3.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2025-09-15T20:15:39.073+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-10-19T17:10:00.173+00:00","affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 4.0 · security-advisories@github.com · Secondary","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:A/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:Red","score":8.8,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/debug-js/debug/issues/1005","https://github.com/debug-js/debug/security/advisories/GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px","https://socket.dev/blog/npm-author-qix-compromised-in-major-supply-chain-attack","https://www.aikido.dev/blog/npm-debug-and-chalk-packages-compromised","https://www.ox.security/blog/npm-packages-compromised","http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/09/23/8"],"sourceUrl":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59144","license":"NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":"Deferred","weaknesses":["CWE-506"],"productCriteria":[],"sourceDates":{"published":"2025-09-15T20:15:39.073","lastModified":"2026-10-19T17:10:00.173"},"relatedAdvisories":[],"note":"NVD analysis and CPE criteria are source context, not proof that a package or your environment is affected. Complete affected data, logical configurations and SSVC are retained in the original JSON."},"key":"nvd:CVE-2025-59144","identifiers":["CVE-2025-59144"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"3550c0a1fb704b1c80362f48f43abbb9","observedAt":"2026-10-24T13:17:17.793+00:00","statement":{"source":"osv","id":"GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px","aliases":["CVE-2025-59144","GHSA-8mgj-vmr8-frr6","MAL-2025-46974"],"title":"debug@4.4.2 contains malware after npm account takeover","description":"### Impact\nOn 8 September 2025, the npm publishing account for `debug` was taken over after a phishing attack. Version `4.4.2` was published, functionally identical to the previous patch version, but with a malware payload added attempting to redirect cryptocurrency transactions to the attacker's own addresses from within browser environments.\n\nLocal environments, server environments, command line applications, etc. are not affected. If the package was used in a browser context (e.g. a direct `<script>` inclusion, or via a bundling tool such as Babel, Rollup, Vite, Next.js, etc.) there is a chance the malware still exists and such bundles will need to be rebuilt.\n\nThe malware seemingly only targets cryptocurrency transactions and wallets such as MetaMask. See references below for more information on the payload.\n\n### Patches\nnpm removed the offending package from the registry over the course of the day on 8 September, preventing further downloads from npm proper.\n\nOn 13 September, the package owner published new patch versions to help cache-bust those using private registries who might still have the compromised version cached. This version is functionally identical to the previously known-good version, published as a patch version bump above the compromised version.\n\nUsers should upgrade to the latest patch version, completely remove their `node_modules` directory, clean their package manager's global cache, and rebuild any browser bundles from scratch.\n\nThose operating private registries or registry mirrors should purge the offending versions from any caches.\n\n### References\n- https://www.aikido.dev/blog/npm-debug-and-chalk-packages-compromised\n- https://socket.dev/blog/npm-author-qix-compromised-in-major-supply-chain-attack\n- https://www.ox.security/blog/npm-packages-compromised/\n\n### Point of Contact\nIn the event suspicious behavior is still observed for the package listed in this security advisory after performing all of the above cleaning operations (see _Patches_ above), please reach out via one of the following channels of communication:\n\n- Bluesky, package owner: https://bsky.app/profile/bad-at-computer.bsky.social\n- `debug` repository, tracking issue (applies to all packages affected in the breach): https://github.com/debug-js/debug/issues/1005","state":0,"publishedAt":"2025-09-15T21:30:55+00:00","modifiedAt":"2025-09-16T06:44:36.384185+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"npm","name":"debug","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"kind":"introduced","version":"4.4.2"},{"kind":"fixed","version":"4.4.3"}]}],"versions":["4.4.2"],"rawVersionEvidence":null}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS_V4","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:A/U:Red","score":null,"severity":null},{"system":"Publisher rating","vector":null,"score":null,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/debug-js/debug/security/advisories/GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59144","https://github.com/debug-js/debug/issues/1005","https://github.com/debug-js/debug","https://socket.dev/blog/npm-author-qix-compromised-in-major-supply-chain-attack","https://www.aikido.dev/blog/npm-debug-and-chalk-packages-compromised","https://www.ox.security/blog/npm-packages-compromised"],"sourceUrl":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px","license":"GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0","key":"osv:GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px","identifiers":["GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px","CVE-2025-59144","GHSA-8mgj-vmr8-frr6","MAL-2025-46974"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"f45070953b1e424e9e1602d9a4f6c9b6","observedAt":"2026-10-24T13:17:17.793+00:00","statement":{"source":"osv","id":"MAL-2025-46974","aliases":["CVE-2025-59144","GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px","GHSA-8mgj-vmr8-frr6"],"title":"Malicious code in debug (npm)","description":"The package was compromised and malicious code added.\n\n---\n_-= Per source details. Do not edit below this line.=-_\n\n## Source: ghsa-malware (558d1dda312e85212121f4ed15340349f780f5e40d6685c3687648bbb2924381)\nAny computer that has this package installed or running should be considered fully compromised. All secrets and keys stored on that computer should be rotated immediately from a different computer. The package should be removed, but as full control of the computer may have been given to an outside entity, there is no guarantee that removing the package will remove all malicious software resulting from installing it.\n","state":0,"publishedAt":"2025-09-08T14:26:51+00:00","modifiedAt":"2025-09-16T06:44:36.384185+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"npm","name":"debug","ranges":[],"versions":["4.4.2"],"rawVersionEvidence":null}],"metrics":[],"references":["https://www.aikido.dev/blog/npm-debug-and-chalk-packages-compromised","https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-hijack-npm-packages-with-2-billion-weekly-downloads-in-supply-chain-attack/","https://github.com/github/advisory-database/issues/6099","https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-8mgj-vmr8-frr6","https://github.com/debug-js/debug/security/advisories/GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px"],"sourceUrl":"https://osv.dev/vulnerability/MAL-2025-46974","license":"OSV · upstream source license applies","key":"osv:MAL-2025-46974","identifiers":["MAL-2025-46974","CVE-2025-59144","GHSA-4x49-vf9v-38px","GHSA-8mgj-vmr8-frr6"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]}],"coverage":[{"source":"cisa-kev:global","scope":"Complete CISA KEV catalog; all vendors. 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Not a global EUVD catalog. Successful not-found lookups count as checked; they do not imply withdrawal or safety. No reader inventory is sent.","generation":"enrichment-fd9e659eac384b31b6b54c14a478a6b6","complete":true,"records":13654,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-08T22:02:46.9922536+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-08T22:02:46.989+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-08T22:02:46.989+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":13706,"expectedIdentifiers":13706,"failedIdentifiers":0},{"source":"first-epss:nuget","scope":"FIRST EPSS for explicit CVE aliases in the collected public NuGet archive. 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