{"id":"GHSA-9wg5-mj3p-v49q","revision":null,"records":[{"revision":"e2e8614d0a0a44e092b07d8de6b1f2dd","observedAt":"2026-11-03T17:57:17.031+00:00","statement":{"source":"cve-program","id":"CVE-2026-118774","aliases":[],"title":"Forge: Certificate signature verified with the issuer's RSA signature scheme","description":"Forge (also called node-forge) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to 1.4.1, the affected implementation used certificate.verify(child), _verifySignature(), lib/x509.js to process the relevant input or security decision. node-forge selected RSA padding and RSASSA-PSS parameters from the issuer certificate rather than the child certificate being verified. A child labeled as RSASSA-PSS could therefore be accepted with a PKCS#1 v1.5 signature when the issuer used PKCS#1 v1.5. The signature still had to be produced with the trusted issuer's private key, so this did not permit certificate identity forgery, but it could bypass policies that require a declared signature scheme. This issue is fixed in version 1.4.1.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-10-29T18:33:46.399+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-11-03T16:17:21.117+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"Vendor product","name":"forge","ranges":[],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":"{\n                    \"vendor\": \"digitalbazaar\",\n                    \"product\": \"forge\",\n                    \"versions\": [\n                        {\n                            \"version\": \"< 1.4.1\",\n                            \"status\": \"affected\"\n                        }\n                    ]\n                }"}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N","score":3.7,"severity":"LOW"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-9wg5-mj3p-v49q","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/c7f42614d5166a77ddf11ce174b2601b14f6956b","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/releases/tag/v1.4.1"],"sourceUrl":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-118774","license":"CVE Program Terms of Use","key":"cve-program:CVE-2026-118774","identifiers":["CVE-2026-118774"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"ce73e7407c8b4f6fb0021f7fc4b791cc","observedAt":"2026-11-14T17:37:47.072+00:00","statement":{"source":"euvd","id":"EUVD-2026-113331","aliases":["CVE-2026-118774","GHSA-9wg5-mj3p-v49q"],"title":"Forge (also called node-forge) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to 1.4.1, the affected implementation used certificate.verify(child), _verifySignature(), lib/x509.js to process the relevant input o…","description":"Forge (also called node-forge) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to 1.4.1, the affected implementation used certificate.verify(child), _verifySignature(), lib/x509.js to process the relevant input or security decision. node-forge selected RSA padding and RSASSA-PSS parameters from the issuer certificate rather than the child certificate being verified. A child labeled as RSASSA-PSS could therefore be accepted with a PKCS#1 v1.5 signature when the issuer used PKCS#1 v1.5. The signature still had to be produced with the trusted issuer's private key, so this did not permit certificate identity forgery, but it could bypass policies that require a declared signature scheme. This issue is fixed in version 1.4.1.","state":0,"publishedAt":null,"modifiedAt":null,"affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"EUVD CVSS 3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N","score":3.7,"severity":null}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-9wg5-mj3p-v49q","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/c7f42614d5166a77ddf11ce174b2601b14f6956b","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/releases/tag/v1.4.1"],"sourceUrl":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2026-113331","license":"ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":null,"weaknesses":[],"productCriteria":[],"sourceDates":{"datePublished":"Oct 29, 2026, 6:33:46 PM","dateUpdated":"Nov 3, 2026, 4:17:21 PM"},"relatedAdvisories":[{"id":"msrc_CVE-2026-118774","title":"Forge: Certificate signature verified with the issuer's RSA signature scheme","vulnerabilityIds":["CVE-2026-118774"]}],"note":"EUVD source date text has no stated timezone and is retained without inventing a UTC instant. Related bulletin membership is not an alias, common cause or applicability claim. A missing vector with a zero score is treated as unrated. Complete vendor/product and underlying source evidence remains in the original JSON."},"key":"euvd:EUVD-2026-113331","identifiers":["EUVD-2026-113331","CVE-2026-118774","GHSA-9wg5-mj3p-v49q"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"59746eabeae5490b8553f7d65dbfeaa6","observedAt":"2026-11-10T16:25:21.717+00:00","statement":{"source":"nvd","id":"CVE-2026-118774","aliases":[],"title":"Forge (also called node-forge) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to 1.4.1, the affected implementation used certificate.verify(child), _verifySignature(), lib/x509.js to process the relevant input o…","description":"Forge (also called node-forge) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to 1.4.1, the affected implementation used certificate.verify(child), _verifySignature(), lib/x509.js to process the relevant input or security decision. node-forge selected RSA padding and RSASSA-PSS parameters from the issuer certificate rather than the child certificate being verified. A child labeled as RSASSA-PSS could therefore be accepted with a PKCS#1 v1.5 signature when the issuer used PKCS#1 v1.5. The signature still had to be produced with the trusted issuer's private key, so this did not permit certificate identity forgery, but it could bypass policies that require a declared signature scheme. This issue is fixed in version 1.4.1.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-10-29T19:17:19.863+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-11-04T14:57:16.28+00:00","affected":[],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS 3.1 · security-advisories@github.com · Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N","score":3.7,"severity":"LOW"},{"system":"CVSS 3.1 · nvd@nist.gov · Primary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N","score":5.3,"severity":"MEDIUM"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/c7f42614d5166a77ddf11ce174b2601b14f6956b","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/releases/tag/v1.4.1","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-9wg5-mj3p-v49q"],"sourceUrl":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-118774","license":"NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained","enrichment":{"sourceStatus":"Analyzed","weaknesses":["CWE-347"],"productCriteria":["cpe:2.3:a:digitalbazaar:forge:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"sourceDates":{"published":"2026-10-29T19:17:19.863","lastModified":"2026-11-04T14:57:16.280"},"relatedAdvisories":[],"note":"NVD analysis and CPE criteria are source context, not proof that a package or your environment is affected. Complete affected data, logical configurations and SSVC are retained in the original JSON."},"key":"nvd:CVE-2026-118774","identifiers":["CVE-2026-118774"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]},{"revision":"94a951ace0cb4ed58f77bc378ecab57d","observedAt":"2026-11-10T16:21:51.228+00:00","statement":{"source":"osv","id":"GHSA-9wg5-mj3p-v49q","aliases":["CVE-2026-118774"],"title":"Forge: Certificate signature verified with the issuer's RSA signature scheme","description":"### Summary\n\nWhen verifying a certificate, node-forge chose the RSA padding scheme (PKCS#1 v1.5 or RSASSA-PSS) and PSS parameters from the issuer certificate's own signature algorithm instead of the certificate being verified. A certificate labeled as signed with RSASSA-PSS could pass `verifyCertificateChain()` with a PKCS#1 v1.5 signature. Fixed in node-forge 1.4.1.\n\n### Details\n\n`certificate.verify(child)` in `lib/x509.js` hashes the child's TBSCertificate with the digest of the child's signature algorithm, then calls `_verifySignature()` with the issuer certificate. `_verifySignature()` selected the padding scheme from that certificate's `signatureOid` and `signatureParameters`, so the child was verified with the issuer's own scheme rather than the one the child declares.\n\nAs a result, a child certificate whose signature algorithm says RSASSA-PSS was accepted with a PKCS#1 v1.5 signature when the issuer itself was signed with PKCS#1 v1.5. The outer `signatureAlgorithm` field of a certificate is not covered by the signature, so an existing PKCS#1 v1.5 (SHA-256) certificate can be relabeled as RSASSA-PSS and still pass verification. The signature itself must still be made with the issuer's private key over the certificate's contents; no certificate can be forged.\n\nThe same cause made correctly signed chains fail: a PKCS#1 v1.5 certificate issued by an RSASSA-PSS-signed certificate, or the reverse, was rejected.\n\nThe fix verifies with the child certificate's signature scheme and parameters and the issuer's public key.\n\n### Patches\nFixed in node-forge 1.4.1. Certificate signatures are verified with the scheme of the certificate's own signature algorithm.\n\n### Workarounds\nApplications that make decisions based on a certificate's signature algorithm can verify the signature themselves with that algorithm's scheme and the issuer's public key.\n\n### References\n- https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4055#section-3 (RSASSA-PSS signature algorithm in certificates)\n- https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5280#section-4.1.1.2 (Certificate signatureAlgorithm)\n- https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/347.html (CWE-347: Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature)\n\n### Severity\nCVSS 3.1: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N (3.7, Low)\nCVSS 4.0 (informational): CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N (6.3)\nCVSS 4.0 rates this Moderate because its integrity weighting is higher; the severity rating follows CVSS 3.1.\n\n### Credits\nReported by Brian Lee (@hibrian827, Georgia Tech SSLab, Team Atlanta), who also suggested the fix.\n\n### Proof of concept\n\nCreate a CA certificate signed with sha256WithRSAEncryption, and a leaf certificate whose signature algorithm fields (outer and in the TBSCertificate) are RSASSA-PSS with SHA-256/MGF1-SHA-256/salt 32, but sign the leaf's TBSCertificate with the CA key using PKCS#1 v1.5 (`caKey.sign(sha256)`).\n\nOn 1.4.0, `forge.pki.verifyCertificateChain(forge.pki.createCaStore([ca]), [leaf])` returns `true`, although verifying the leaf's signature with RSASSA-PSS fails. On 1.4.1 it throws \"Certificate signature is invalid.\".\n\nNo private key is needed for the same result: take any certificate signed by the CA with sha256WithRSAEncryption and replace only its outer signatureAlgorithm (outside the signed TBSCertificate) with the RSASSA-PSS identifier above. On 1.4.0 it still verifies and reports `signatureOid` as RSASSA-PSS; on 1.4.1 it is rejected.\n\nRegression tests are in tests/unit/x509.js (\"signature scheme of the child certificate\").\n\n### Impact\n\nApplications that rely on a certificate's declared signature algorithm, for example a policy that only accepts RSASSA-PSS-signed certificates, can be given a certificate labeled RSASSA-PSS whose signature was verified as PKCS#1 v1.5. The certificate must still have been signed by the trusted issuer's key, so the identity it certifies cannot be forged. There is no confidentiality or availability impact.","state":0,"publishedAt":"2026-11-10T15:57:48+00:00","modifiedAt":"2026-11-10T16:15:04.1531661+00:00","affected":[{"ecosystem":"npm","name":"node-forge","ranges":[{"type":"SEMVER","events":[{"kind":"introduced","version":"0"},{"kind":"fixed","version":"1.4.1"}]}],"versions":[],"rawVersionEvidence":null}],"metrics":[{"system":"CVSS_V3","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N","score":null,"severity":null},{"system":"Publisher rating","vector":null,"score":null,"severity":"LOW"}],"references":["https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-9wg5-mj3p-v49q","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-118774","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/c7f42614d5166a77ddf11ce174b2601b14f6956b","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge","https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/releases/tag/v1.4.1"],"sourceUrl":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-9wg5-mj3p-v49q","license":"GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0","key":"osv:GHSA-9wg5-mj3p-v49q","identifiers":["GHSA-9wg5-mj3p-v49q","CVE-2026-118774"]},"retained":false,"historicalAffected":[]}],"coverage":[{"source":"cisa-kev:global","scope":"Complete CISA KEV catalog; all vendors. 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Not a global EUVD catalog. Successful not-found lookups count as checked; they do not imply withdrawal or safety. No reader inventory is sent.","generation":"enrichment-7d2e436ba5044010b7284865b03901df","complete":false,"records":13821,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-15T01:56:11.6575512+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-15T01:56:10.64+00:00","error":"20 identifier lookups failed; latest failures include AccessDenied (HTTP 403). Other identifiers were checked independently.","lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-15T01:56:10.64+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":13854,"expectedIdentifiers":13874,"failedIdentifiers":20},{"source":"first-epss:nuget","scope":"FIRST EPSS for explicit CVE aliases in the collected public NuGet archive. Not a global EPSS backfill.","generation":"2026-11-15T01:46:55.4086044+00:00","complete":true,"records":1125,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-15T01:46:55.4086044+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-15T01:46:55.6012797+00:00","error":null,"lastVerifiedAt":"2026-11-15T01:46:55.6012836+00:00","snapshotPublishedAt":null,"importing":false,"stagedRecords":0,"checkedIdentifiers":null,"expectedIdentifiers":null,"failedIdentifiers":null},{"source":"nvd","scope":"Rolling NVD lookups of CVE aliases in current public OSV archives; 500 identifiers per refresh, rechecked after 48 hours. Not a global NVD catalog. Successful not-found lookups count as checked; they do not imply withdrawal or safety. No reader inventory is sent.","generation":"enrichment-a2d6726fa6984ccea1afed1a3e59d87e","complete":false,"records":13833,"lastAttemptAt":"2026-11-15T01:47:00.8199552+00:00","lastSuccessAt":"2026-11-15T00:31:15.078+00:00","error":"13 identifier lookups failed; latest failures include HttpError (HTTP 503). 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