MessagePack: Nested arrays can blow past buffer length limits

CISA KEV is observed exploitation evidence. FIRST EPSS is a dated prediction of exploitation in the next 30 days. Missing scores are unknown. This collector requests predictions only for explicit CVE aliases in the public NuGet archive; Microsoft release views retain their existing prediction scope.

MessagePack for C# is a MessagePack serializer for C#. Prior to 2.5.303 and 3.1.9, deserializing attacker-controlled MessagePack data as System.Object through PrimitiveObjectFormatter can cause excessive memory allocation. The formatter allocates an object[] from each declared array length before the configured object-graph depth limit rejects the input, while nested array headers can reuse the same trailing unread bytes to satisfy per-header length validation. A comparatively small payload can therefore keep many large arrays alive at once. When an attacker can submit such data repeatedly, the allocations can cause severe managed-heap pressure, excessive garbage collection, process termination, or loss of service. Exposure requires an application to deserialize untrusted data through the affected formatter path and permit repeated attacker-controlled submissions, such as a reachable ASP.NET Core SignalR hub method with an object parameter and AddMessagePackProtocol() enabled. This issue is fixed in versions 2.5.303 and 3.1.9.

Source published

15 Oct 2026 18:35:49 UTC

Source modified

15 Oct 2026 20:12:15 UTC

Observed here

23 Oct 2026 15:48:27 UTC

Source terms

CVE Program Terms of Use

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CVSS 3.1 · 5.3 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

MessagePack for C# is a MessagePack serializer for C#. Prior to 2.5.303 and 3.1.9, deserializing attacker-controlled MessagePack data as System.Object through PrimitiveObjectFormatter can cause excessive memory allocation. The formatter allocates an object[] from each declared array length before the configured object-graph depth limit rejects the input, while nested array headers can reuse the same trailing unread bytes to satisfy per-header length validation. A comparatively small payload can therefore keep many large arrays alive at once. When an attacker can submit such data repeatedly, the allocations can cause severe managed-heap pressure, excessive garbage collection, process termination, or loss of service. Exposure requires an application to deserialize untrusted data through the affected formatter path and permit repeated attacker-controlled submissions, such as a reachable ASP.NET Core SignalR hub method with an object parameter and AddMessagePackProtocol() enabled. This issue is fixed in versions 2.5.303 and 3.1.9.

Source published

Oct 15, 2026, 6:35:49 PM (timezone not stated)

Source modified

Oct 15, 2026, 8:12:15 PM (timezone not stated)

Observed here

7 Nov 2026 15:25:30 UTC

Source terms

ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply

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EUVD CVSS 3.1 · 5.3 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

MessagePack for C# is a MessagePack serializer for C#. Prior to 2.5.303 and 3.1.9, deserializing attacker-controlled MessagePack data as System.Object through PrimitiveObjectFormatter can cause excessive memory allocation. The formatter allocates an object[] from each declared array length before the configured object-graph depth limit rejects the input, while nested array headers can reuse the same trailing unread bytes to satisfy per-header length validation. A comparatively small payload can therefore keep many large arrays alive at once. When an attacker can submit such data repeatedly, the allocations can cause severe managed-heap pressure, excessive garbage collection, process termination, or loss of service. Exposure requires an application to deserialize untrusted data through the affected formatter path and permit repeated attacker-controlled submissions, such as a reachable ASP.NET Core SignalR hub method with an object parameter and AddMessagePackProtocol() enabled. This issue is fixed in versions 2.5.303 and 3.1.9.

Source published

15 Oct 2026 19:17:48 UTC

Source modified

16 Oct 2026 16:00:33 UTC

Observed here

25 Oct 2026 16:19:22 UTC

Source terms

NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained

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CVSS 3.1 · [email protected] · Secondary · 5.3 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

### Impact MessagePack-CSharp is vulnerable to denial of service through excessive memory allocation when deserializing attacker-controlled data into `System.Object`. When `PrimitiveObjectFormatter` encounters an array, it allocates an `object[]` using the declared array length **before** enforcing the configured maximum object-graph depth. A specially crafted payload containing deeply nested arrays can therefore keep many large arrays live simultaneously before deserialization is rejected for exceeding the depth limit. Because the array-header validation uses the total unread byte count as evidence that the declared elements may be present, nested array headers can reuse the same trailing bytes for this validation. This permits a relatively small payload to cause disproportionately large managed-heap allocations. The reported example uses an approximately 31.5 KiB payload to allocate roughly 114.7 MiB of reference storage on x64—an amplification factor of approximately 3,800—before the depth exception is raised. Repeated requests may cause severe memory pressure, excessive garbage collection, process termination, or loss of service availability. Applications are affected when they: - Deserialize untrusted MessagePack data as `object`, or otherwise use a resolver path that selects `PrimitiveObjectFormatter`; and - Permit an attacker to submit such data repeatedly. ASP.NET Core SignalR is one known way to expose the vulnerability remotely: an application that enables `AddMessagePackProtocol()` and has a reachable hub method with an `object` parameter may pass attacker-controlled arguments to the vulnerable MessagePack-CSharp formatter. However, the underlying vulnerability is in MessagePack-CSharp, not SignalR, and other applications that deserialize untrusted data through the same formatter may also be affected. MessagePack-CSharp 2.5.302 is confirmed to contain the vulnerable code. Other releases containing the same allocate-before-depth-check behavior may also be affected. Authentication requirements depend on the application exposing the deserialization endpoint: exploitation requires no privileges for a publicly reachable endpoint, while protected endpoints retain their configured authorization requirements. ### Workarounds Where possible, avoid deserializing untrusted data into `System.Object`, including `object`-typed members of otherwise strongly typed models. Use concrete, narrowly defined DTO types instead. For ASP.NET Core SignalR applications, any of the following can prevent or reduce exposure: - Replace `object` parameters in reachable hub methods with concrete types. - Disable the MessagePack hub protocol and use another protocol until a patched MessagePack-CSharp release is available. - Restrict affected hub methods to trusted and authenticated callers. - Apply rate limits and connection limits to reduce the ability to repeat malicious requests. Reducing the maximum deserialization depth or transport message size may reduce the worst-case allocation, but should be treated only as defense in depth. It does not correct the allocate-before-depth-check behavior and is not a complete remediation. Applications with advanced resolver configurations may use a custom formatter for `object` that enforces the depth limit before allocating arrays. Such a formatter should be carefully reviewed and tested against untrusted input.

Source published

15 Oct 2026 18:35:46 UTC

Source modified

15 Oct 2026 18:45:11 UTC

Observed here

23 Oct 2026 16:01:25 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

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CVSS_V3 · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

Publisher rating · MODERATE