Zebra 4.4.0 Consensus Divergence via V5 SIGHASH_SINGLE Without Output

CISA KEV is observed exploitation evidence. FIRST EPSS is a dated prediction of exploitation in the next 30 days. Missing scores are unknown. This collector requests predictions only for explicit CVE aliases in the public NuGet archive; Microsoft release views retain their existing prediction scope.

No collected risk observation for these identifiers. This does not establish absence of exploitation or a zero probability.

Zebra zebrad 4.4.0 and zebra-script 6.0.0 fail to enforce a ZIP-244 consensus rule, accepting V5 transparent inputs signed with SIGHASH_SINGLE that lack a corresponding output. Attackers can broadcast crafted V5 transactions with more inputs than outputs that Zebra accepts but zcashd rejects, causing a network consensus split.

Source published

2 Oct 2026 11:38:12 UTC

Source modified

2 Oct 2026 15:16:42 UTC

Observed here

23 Oct 2026 15:48:27 UTC

Source terms

CVE Program Terms of Use

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: cve-program · CVE Program Terms of Use. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 4.0 · 8.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CVSS 3.1 · 7.4 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H

Zebra zebrad 4.4.0 and zebra-script 6.0.0 fail to enforce a ZIP-244 consensus rule, accepting V5 transparent inputs signed with SIGHASH_SINGLE that lack a corresponding output. Attackers can broadcast crafted V5 transactions with more inputs than outputs that Zebra accepts but zcashd rejects, causing a network consensus split.

Source published

Oct 2, 2026, 11:38:12 AM (timezone not stated)

Source modified

Oct 2, 2026, 3:16:42 PM (timezone not stated)

Observed here

11 Nov 2026 05:30:16 UTC

Source terms

ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: euvd · ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

EUVD CVSS 4.0 · 8.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Zebra zebrad 4.4.0 and zebra-script 6.0.0 fail to enforce a ZIP-244 consensus rule, accepting V5 transparent inputs signed with SIGHASH_SINGLE that lack a corresponding output. Attackers can broadcast crafted V5 transactions with more inputs than outputs that Zebra accepts but zcashd rejects, causing a network consensus split.

Source published

2 Oct 2026 12:17:14 UTC

Source modified

2 Oct 2026 17:59:09 UTC

Observed here

25 Oct 2026 04:17:29 UTC

Source terms

NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: nvd · NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 4.0 · [email protected] · Secondary · 8.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

CVSS 3.1 · [email protected] · Secondary · 7.4 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H

# Consensus Divergence in V5 Transparent SIGHASH_SINGLE With No Corresponding Output ## Summary Zebra failed to enforce a ZIP-244 consensus rule for V5 transparent transactions: when an input is signed with `SIGHASH_SINGLE` and there is no transparent output at the same index as that input, validation must fail. Zebra instead asked the underlying sighash library to compute a digest, and that library produced a digest over an empty output set rather than failing. An attacker could craft a V5 transaction with more transparent inputs than outputs that Zebra accepts but `zcashd` rejects, creating a consensus split between Zebra and `zcashd` nodes. A previous fix ([`GHSA-cwfq-rfcr-8hmp`](https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra/security/advisories/GHSA-cwfq-rfcr-8hmp)) addressed a closely related case in the same area of the code, but did not cover this specific one. ## Severity **Critical** - This is a Consensus Vulnerability that could allow a malicious party to induce network partitioning, service disruption, and potential double-spend attacks against affected nodes. Note that the impact is currently alleviated by the fact that currently most miners run `zcashd`. ## Affected Versions Zebra 4.4.0. ## Description Verification of transparent transactions inherits the Bitcoin Script verification code in C++. Since it is consensus-critical, this code is called from Zebra through a foreign function interface (FFI), with a Rust callback that computes the sighash for each input being verified. ZIP-244 §S.2a marks two situations as consensus failure for V5 transparent signatures: 1. The signed hash type is not one of the six canonical values; and 2. The hash type is `SIGHASH_SINGLE` (alone or combined with `ANYONECANPAY`) and the input has no transparent output at the same index. `zcashd` enforces both rules: its `SignatureHash` raises an exception, and `CheckSig` catches it and fails the script. A previous fix (`GHSA-cwfq-rfcr-8hmp`) added the first rule to Zebra's V5 sighash callback. The second rule, however, was not added — Zebra's callback forwarded the request to `librustzcash`'s ZIP-244 implementation, which handles an out-of-range `SIGHASH_SINGLE` output index by hashing an empty output set rather than refusing to produce a digest. As a result, Zebra would compute a well-defined sighash for the missing-output case and accept any signature that verified against it. An attacker could exploit this by: - Constructing a V5 transaction with two or more transparent inputs and fewer transparent outputs; - Signing an input whose index has no matching `vout` entry with `SIGHASH_SINGLE` (`0x03`) or `SIGHASH_SINGLE|ANYONECANPAY` (`0x83`), using the digest Zebra computes; - Broadcasting the transaction, or a block containing it, to the network. Zebra would verify the transaction's transparent script and accept the transaction (and any block containing it), while `zcashd` would reject both, splitting Zebra nodes from the rest of the network. ## Impact **Consensus Failure** - **Attack Vector:** Network. - **Effect:** Network partition/consensus split. - **Scope:** Any affected Zebra node. ## Fixed Versions This issue is fixed in Zebra 4.4.1. ## Mitigation Users should upgrade to Zebra 4.4.1 or later immediately. There are no known workarounds for this issue. Immediate upgrade is the only way to ensure the node remains on the correct consensus path and is protected against malicious chain forks. ## Credits Zebra thanks @sangsoo-osec, @zmanian, and @fivelittleducks for finding and reporting the issue.

Source published

8 May 2026 18:27:26 UTC

Source modified

3 Oct 2026 03:56:08 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:19:54 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS_V4 · CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:H/SA:H

Publisher rating · CRITICAL