vm2 3.11.3 through 3.11.6 Native Code Execution via crypto.setEngine

CISA KEV is observed exploitation evidence. FIRST EPSS is a dated prediction of exploitation in the next 30 days. Missing scores are unknown. This collector requests predictions only for explicit CVE aliases in the public NuGet archive; Microsoft release views retain their existing prediction scope.

No collected risk observation for these identifiers. This does not establish absence of exploitation or a zero probability.

vm2 3.11.3 through 3.11.6 exposes the host Node.js crypto module to a NodeVM sandbox when the crypto builtin is allowed. The module is presented via a recursive read-only proxy, but its callable exports still execute with host-process authority. Sandboxed JavaScript can therefore call crypto.setEngine() with a filesystem path to an attacker-supplied native library (for example, one bundled in an untrusted plugin package already written to disk); OpenSSL asks the operating-system dynamic loader to load the file, and the library's constructor executes native code in the host process before engine-symbol validation rejects it. Exploitation requires only the crypto builtin and does not require fs, process, module, child_process, worker_threads, vm, or inspector access, resulting in a sandbox escape and arbitrary native code execution. Fixed in 3.11.7.

Source published

17 Sep 2026 13:46:03 UTC

Source modified

17 Sep 2026 14:26:31 UTC

Observed here

23 Oct 2026 15:48:27 UTC

Source terms

CVE Program Terms of Use

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CVSS 4.0 · 9.4 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

CVSS 3.1 · 9.9 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

vm2 3.11.3 through 3.11.6 exposes the host Node.js crypto module to a NodeVM sandbox when the crypto builtin is allowed. The module is presented via a recursive read-only proxy, but its callable exports still execute with host-process authority. Sandboxed JavaScript can therefore call crypto.setEngine() with a filesystem path to an attacker-supplied native library (for example, one bundled in an untrusted plugin package already written to disk); OpenSSL asks the operating-system dynamic loader to load the file, and the library's constructor executes native code in the host process before engine-symbol validation rejects it. Exploitation requires only the crypto builtin and does not require fs, process, module, child_process, worker_threads, vm, or inspector access, resulting in a sandbox escape and arbitrary native code execution. Fixed in 3.11.7.

Source published

Sep 17, 2026, 1:46:03 PM (timezone not stated)

Source modified

Sep 17, 2026, 2:26:31 PM (timezone not stated)

Observed here

11 Nov 2026 18:10:05 UTC

Source terms

ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply

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EUVD CVSS 4.0 · 9.4 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

vm2 3.11.3 through 3.11.6 exposes the host Node.js crypto module to a NodeVM sandbox when the crypto builtin is allowed. The module is presented via a recursive read-only proxy, but its callable exports still execute with host-process authority. Sandboxed JavaScript can therefore call crypto.setEngine() with a filesystem path to an attacker-supplied native library (for example, one bundled in an untrusted plugin package already written to disk); OpenSSL asks the operating-system dynamic loader to load the file, and the library's constructor executes native code in the host process before engine-symbol validation rejects it. Exploitation requires only the crypto builtin and does not require fs, process, module, child_process, worker_threads, vm, or inspector access, resulting in a sandbox escape and arbitrary native code execution. Fixed in 3.11.7.

Source published

17 Sep 2026 14:17:58 UTC

Source modified

17 Sep 2026 15:17:00 UTC

Observed here

25 Oct 2026 16:19:22 UTC

Source terms

NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: nvd · NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 4.0 · [email protected] · Secondary · 9.4 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

CVSS 3.1 · [email protected] · Secondary · 9.9 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Summary vm2 3.11.6 exposes the host `crypto` module to a `NodeVM` when that single builtin is allowed. The module is presented through a read-only bridge, but its functions still execute with host-process authority. `crypto.setEngine()` accepts a filesystem path and asks OpenSSL to dynamically load the referenced native library. An attacker whose untrusted plugin package contains a native library can therefore load that library into the host process by calling `crypto.setEngine()` from sandboxed JavaScript. The native library's constructor executes before OpenSSL finishes validating whether the file is a usable engine. Consequently, even the expected `ERR_CRYPTO_ENGINE_UNKNOWN` exception occurs only after arbitrary native code has already run. The exploit requires only the `crypto` builtin. It does not require `fs`, `process`, `module`, `child_process`, `worker_threads`, `vm`, `inspector`, unrestricted builtins, or vm2 nesting. ### Details The vulnerable boundary is the generic builtin loader. Builtins that are not specially wrapped or classified as dangerous are imported in the host realm and exposed through a recursive read-only proxy: ```js builtins.set(key, special ? special : vm => vm.readonly(hostRequire(key))); ``` Read-only prevents sandbox code from assigning properties on the module object. It does not reduce the authority of callable exports. Calls are forwarded to the original host function with bridge values converted back to host values. The `crypto` module includes this callable export: ```js crypto.setEngine(enginePath) ``` When `enginePath` names a dynamic library, OpenSSL loads that file into the current process. Operating-system dynamic loaders execute library constructors as part of loading. Engine-symbol validation happens afterward. A file does not have to become a functional cryptographic engine for its constructor to execute. The resulting exploit flow is: ```text attacker supplies an untrusted plugin package containing a native library -> host executes the plugin in NodeVM with only crypto allowed -> plugin calls crypto.setEngine(pathToBundledLibrary) -> vm2 forwards the call to the host crypto module -> OpenSSL asks the operating-system loader to load the library -> the library constructor executes native code in the host process -> OpenSSL may then reject the file, but host compromise has already occurred ``` This is different from merely granting JavaScript filesystem access. A plugin system commonly has to place an untrusted package on disk before running its JavaScript. The native file can therefore already exist inside that package even when the sandbox denies `fs` and all process-execution builtins. Allowing `crypto` for hashing or signature verification unexpectedly turns that inert package file into a native-code execution primitive. ### PoC The attached PoC is local and harmless. Its native library constructor creates a marker file; it does not spawn a process, open a network connection, or modify any other file. 1. Install Node.js with OpenSSL engine support, a C compiler, and npm. 2. In the attached `poc` directory, install the exact affected package: ```bash npm install --ignore-scripts ``` 3. Build the marker library. On macOS: ```bash cc -dynamiclib -O2 -o probe-engine.dylib engine_probe.c node poc.js ./probe-engine.dylib ``` On Linux: ```bash cc -shared -fPIC -O2 -o probe-engine.so engine_probe.c node poc.js ./probe-engine.so ``` 4. A vulnerable result contains all of the following: - the sandbox configuration lists only `crypto` as an allowed builtin; - `crypto.setEngine()` reports `ERR_CRYPTO_ENGINE_UNKNOWN` or returns; - `vm2-setengine-native-marker.txt` exists afterward; - the marker contains `VM2_SETENGINE_NATIVE_CODE_EXECUTED`. The exception is not a negative result. The marker proves that the native constructor ran before engine validation failed. ### Impact This is a sandbox escape to arbitrary native code execution. The code runs with the operating-system identity and privileges of the Node.js host process, outside all vm2 language and module restrictions. An attacker can replace the marker-only constructor with native code that: - reads application secrets, environment variables, credentials, and files available to the host user; - modifies application data or executable files and establishes persistence; - accesses internal services using the host's network identity; - steals other tenants' data from the same process; - terminates or corrupts the host process; and - executes arbitrary operating-system actions permitted to the host account. The realistic affected workflow is a plugin, automation, notebook, or multi-tenant code runner that stores attacker-supplied package contents on disk and runs the package's JavaScript in `NodeVM` while allowing `crypto`. The attacker does not need the sandbox to expose a file-write or command-execution module.

Source published

1 Oct 2026 15:28:36 UTC

Source modified

1 Oct 2026 15:45:05 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:17:17 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS_V3 · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Publisher rating · CRITICAL

## Duplicate Advisory This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-46pr-c5wc-xffx. This link is maintained to preserve external references. ## Original Description vm2 3.11.3 through 3.11.6 exposes the host Node.js crypto module to a NodeVM sandbox when the crypto builtin is allowed. The module is presented via a recursive read-only proxy, but its callable exports still execute with host-process authority. Sandboxed JavaScript can therefore call crypto.setEngine() with a filesystem path to an attacker-supplied native library (for example, one bundled in an untrusted plugin package already written to disk); OpenSSL asks the operating-system dynamic loader to load the file, and the library's constructor executes native code in the host process before engine-symbol validation rejects it. Exploitation requires only the crypto builtin and does not require fs, process, module, child_process, worker_threads, vm, or inspector access, resulting in a sandbox escape and arbitrary native code execution. Fixed in 3.11.7.

Source published

17 Sep 2026 15:32:14 UTC

Source modified

1 Oct 2026 15:45:06 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:17:17 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS_V3 · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS_V4 · CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

Publisher rating · CRITICAL