Flowise - Weak Default JWT Secrets in Authentication Middleware

CISA KEV is observed exploitation evidence. FIRST EPSS is a dated prediction of exploitation in the next 30 days. Missing scores are unknown. This collector requests predictions only for explicit CVE aliases in the public NuGet archive; Microsoft release views retain their existing prediction scope.

No collected risk observation for these identifiers. This does not establish absence of exploitation or a zero probability.

Flowise before 3.1.0 (affected versions 3.0.13 and earlier) uses weak hardcoded default JWT secrets ('auth_token', 'refresh_token') and default audience and issuer values ('AUDIENCE', 'ISSUER') in the enterprise passport authentication middleware (packages/server/src/enterprise/middleware/passport/index.ts). When the corresponding environment variables (JWT_AUTH_TOKEN_SECRET, JWT_REFRESH_TOKEN_SECRET, JWT_AUDIENCE, JWT_ISSUER) are not set, the application silently falls back to these publicly known defaults, allowing an attacker to forge valid JWTs and impersonate any user, including administrators, resulting in authentication bypass.

Source published

12 Jul 2026 12:06:32 UTC

Source modified

13 Jul 2026 15:41:09 UTC

Observed here

23 Oct 2026 15:48:27 UTC

Source terms

CVE Program Terms of Use

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CVSS 4.0 · 9.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CVSS 3.1 · 9.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Flowise before 3.1.0 (affected versions 3.0.13 and earlier) uses weak hardcoded default JWT secrets ('auth_token', 'refresh_token') and default audience and issuer values ('AUDIENCE', 'ISSUER') in the enterprise passport authentication middleware (packages/server/src/enterprise/middleware/passport/index.ts). When the corresponding environment variables (JWT_AUTH_TOKEN_SECRET, JWT_REFRESH_TOKEN_SECRET, JWT_AUDIENCE, JWT_ISSUER) are not set, the application silently falls back to these publicly known defaults, allowing an attacker to forge valid JWTs and impersonate any user, including administrators, resulting in authentication bypass.

Source published

Jul 12, 2026, 12:06:32 PM (timezone not stated)

Source modified

Jul 13, 2026, 3:41:09 PM (timezone not stated)

Observed here

7 Nov 2026 12:35:09 UTC

Source terms

ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply

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EUVD CVSS 4.0 · 9.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Flowise before 3.1.0 (affected versions 3.0.13 and earlier) uses weak hardcoded default JWT secrets ('auth_token', 'refresh_token') and default audience and issuer values ('AUDIENCE', 'ISSUER') in the enterprise passport authentication middleware (packages/server/src/enterprise/middleware/passport/index.ts). When the corresponding environment variables (JWT_AUTH_TOKEN_SECRET, JWT_REFRESH_TOKEN_SECRET, JWT_AUDIENCE, JWT_ISSUER) are not set, the application silently falls back to these publicly known defaults, allowing an attacker to forge valid JWTs and impersonate any user, including administrators, resulting in authentication bypass.

Source published

12 Jul 2026 12:16:45 UTC

Source modified

25 Oct 2026 15:10:00 UTC

Observed here

27 Oct 2026 15:15:14 UTC

Source terms

NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: nvd · NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 4.0 · [email protected] · Secondary · 9.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

CVSS 3.1 · [email protected] · Secondary · 9.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

**Detection Method:** Kolega.dev Deep Code Scan | Attribute | Value | |---|---| | Severity | Critical | | Location | packages/server/src/enterprise/middleware/passport/index.ts:29-34 | | Practical Exploitability | High | | Developer Approver | [email protected] | ### Description JWT secrets have weak hardcoded defaults ('auth_token', 'refresh_token', 'AUDIENCE', 'ISSUER'). Attackers can forge valid JWTs and impersonate any user. ### Affected Code ``` const jwtAudience = process.env.JWT_AUDIENCE || 'AUDIENCE' const jwtIssuer = process.env.JWT_ISSUER || 'ISSUER' const jwtAuthTokenSecret = process.env.JWT_AUTH_TOKEN_SECRET || 'auth_token' const jwtRefreshSecret = process.env.JWT_REFRESH_TOKEN_SECRET || process.env.JWT_AUTH_TOKEN_SECRET || 'refresh_token' ``` ### Evidence All JWT defaults are weak strings. Refresh token falls back to auth token which is a design flaw. If any environment variable is unset, weak default is used. ### Impact Complete authentication bypass. Attackers can forge valid JWTs for any user account. No authentication required to access protected endpoints. Can escalate to admin access. ### Recommendation Remove all default secrets - require all JWT environment variables to be explicitly set. Add startup validation throwing error if any JWT secret is missing. Use cryptographically random secrets (256+ bits) for each secret independently. Implement JWT secret rotation mechanism. ### Notes The JWT secrets have genuinely weak hardcoded defaults ('auth_token', 'refresh_token', 'AUDIENCE', 'ISSUER') at lines 29-34. If an administrator deploys without setting the environment variables JWT_AUTH_TOKEN_SECRET, JWT_REFRESH_TOKEN_SECRET, JWT_AUDIENCE, and JWT_ISSUER, the application will use these trivially guessable values. An attacker knowing these defaults (which are publicly visible in the source code) can forge valid JWTs to impersonate any user, including administrators. The fallback chain at line 34 where jwtRefreshSecret falls back to jwtAuthTokenSecret is an additional design weakness - if only JWT_AUTH_TOKEN_SECRET is set, both tokens share the same secret. While .env.example files provide placeholder values, these are also weak and publicly visible. The application should fail to start if these secrets are not explicitly configured with strong values, rather than silently falling back to insecure defaults.

Source published

16 Apr 2026 21:21:12 UTC

Source modified

13 Jul 2026 04:11:41 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:17:17 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

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CVSS_V3 · CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

Publisher rating · MODERATE