@bytebase/dbhub's read-only mode does not prevent database writes

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DBHub is a database MCP server for Postgres, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, MariaDB, SQLite. Prior to version 0.22.6, setting `readonly = true` on the `execute_sql` tool does not make the connection read-only. The connectors are written to set PostgreSQL `default_transaction_read_only=on` (and open SQLite in `readOnly` mode), but that code is gated on a config value that is never populated, so it never runs. The only thing left enforcing read-only is a classifier that inspects the first keyword of each statement. Any `SELECT` that writes or has side effects through a function call passes it. With an ordinary role this allows sequence tampering; with a privileged role it allows writing arbitrary files on the server (`lo_export`), reading arbitrary host files (`pg_read_file`), and remote code execution (`dblink` + `COPY ... TO PROGRAM`). The HTTP transport is unauthenticated and binds to `0.0.0.0` by default, so this is reachable by any network caller of `/mcp`. Version 0.22.6 patches the issue.

Source published

24 Sep 2026 17:37:40 UTC

Source modified

29 Sep 2026 03:00:45 UTC

Observed here

23 Oct 2026 15:48:27 UTC

Source terms

CVE Program Terms of Use

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CVSS 3.1 · 7.4 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

DBHub is a database MCP server for Postgres, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, MariaDB, SQLite. Prior to version 0.22.6, setting `readonly = true` on the `execute_sql` tool does not make the connection read-only. The connectors are written to set PostgreSQL `default_transaction_read_only=on` (and open SQLite in `readOnly` mode), but that code is gated on a config value that is never populated, so it never runs. The only thing left enforcing read-only is a classifier that inspects the first keyword of each statement. Any `SELECT` that writes or has side effects through a function call passes it. With an ordinary role this allows sequence tampering; with a privileged role it allows writing arbitrary files on the server (`lo_export`), reading arbitrary host files (`pg_read_file`), and remote code execution (`dblink` + `COPY ... TO PROGRAM`). The HTTP transport is unauthenticated and binds to `0.0.0.0` by default, so this is reachable by any network caller of `/mcp`. Version 0.22.6 patches the issue.

Source published

Sep 24, 2026, 5:37:40 PM (timezone not stated)

Source modified

Sep 29, 2026, 3:00:45 AM (timezone not stated)

Observed here

11 Nov 2026 15:03:10 UTC

Source terms

ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: euvd · ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

EUVD CVSS 3.1 · 7.4 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

DBHub is a database MCP server for Postgres, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, MariaDB, SQLite. Prior to version 0.22.6, setting `readonly = true` on the `execute_sql` tool does not make the connection read-only. The connectors are written to set PostgreSQL `default_transaction_read_only=on` (and open SQLite in `readOnly` mode), but that code is gated on a config value that is never populated, so it never runs. The only thing left enforcing read-only is a classifier that inspects the first keyword of each statement. Any `SELECT` that writes or has side effects through a function call passes it. With an ordinary role this allows sequence tampering; with a privileged role it allows writing arbitrary files on the server (`lo_export`), reading arbitrary host files (`pg_read_file`), and remote code execution (`dblink` + `COPY ... TO PROGRAM`). The HTTP transport is unauthenticated and binds to `0.0.0.0` by default, so this is reachable by any network caller of `/mcp`. Version 0.22.6 patches the issue.

Source published

24 Sep 2026 18:17:16 UTC

Source modified

30 Sep 2026 19:57:08 UTC

Observed here

25 Oct 2026 14:19:28 UTC

Source terms

NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: nvd · NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 3.1 · [email protected] · Secondary · 7.4 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

### Summary Setting `readonly = true` on the `execute_sql` tool does not make the connection read-only. The connectors are written to set PostgreSQL `default_transaction_read_only=on` (and open SQLite in `readOnly` mode), but that code is gated on a config value that is never populated, so it never runs. The only thing left enforcing read-only is a classifier that inspects the first keyword of each statement. Any `SELECT` that writes or has side effects through a function call passes it. With an ordinary role this allows sequence tampering; with a privileged role it allows writing arbitrary files on the server (`lo_export`), reading arbitrary host files (`pg_read_file`), and remote code execution (`dblink` + `COPY ... TO PROGRAM`). The HTTP transport is unauthenticated and binds to `0.0.0.0` by default, so this is reachable by any network caller of `/mcp`. ### Details Two problems combine. **1. The database-level read-only control is dead code.** `PostgresConnector.connect()` only enables it when `config.readonly` is truthy (`src/connectors/postgres/index.ts:175-177`): ```ts // SDK-level readonly enforcement: Set default_transaction_read_only for the entire connection if (config?.readonly) { poolConfig.options = (poolConfig.options || '') + ' -c default_transaction_read_only=on'; } ``` SQLite is gated the same way (`src/connectors/sqlite/index.ts:192`). `ConnectorConfig.readonly` is assigned in exactly one place, and only from `source.readonly` (`src/connectors/manager.ts:236-238`): ```ts // Pass readonly flag for SDK-level enforcement (PostgreSQL, SQLite) if (source.readonly !== undefined) { config.readonly = source.readonly; } ``` `source.readonly` can never have a value: - `SourceConfig` has no `readonly` field (`src/types/config.ts:49-62`). `readonly` exists only on the per-tool `ExecuteSqlToolConfig` / `CustomToolConfig`. - The TOML loader rejects `readonly` at source level (`src/config/toml-loader.ts:476-481`: "readonly must be configured per-tool, not per-source"). - The `--readonly` CLI flag was removed and now hard-exits (`src/config/env.ts:30`). So the `if (source.readonly !== undefined)` check is always false, `config.readonly` stays unset, and DB-level read-only is never applied in any configuration the loader accepts. The per-tool `readonly` only ever reaches the classifier; `executeSQL()` ignores `options.readonly` and runs multi-statement batches in a plain `BEGIN` rather than `BEGIN READ ONLY` (`src/connectors/postgres/index.ts:598-666`). (The docs already describe the classifier as "a safety net... not a security boundary." This report is about the DB-level control above, which the code clearly means to apply — see the "SDK-level readonly enforcement" comments — but silently fails to wire up.) **2. The classifier only checks the leading keyword.** `areAllStatementsReadOnly()` (`src/tools/execute-sql.ts:24-27`) splits on `;` and runs `isReadOnlySQL()` (`src/utils/allowed-keywords.ts`) on each statement. `isReadOnlySQL` matches the first word against an allow-list, scans for mutating keywords only inside `WITH`, blocks `SELECT ... INTO`, and special-cases `EXPLAIN ANALYZE`. It never looks at the functions a statement calls. These all classify as read-only: - `SELECT setval('seq', n)` / `nextval('seq')` — sequence write. Needs UPDATE (setval) or USAGE/UPDATE (nextval) on the sequence, which read roles normally hold. - `SELECT lo_export(lo, '/path')` — writes a file on the server. Needs superuser or `pg_write_server_files`. - `SELECT pg_read_file('/etc/passwd')` — reads any file the server user can read. Needs superuser or `pg_read_server_files`. - `SELECT dblink_exec('dbname=...', 'UPDATE ...')` — opens a fresh connection (not read-only) and runs writes/DDL. Needs the `dblink` extension. - `SELECT dblink_exec('dbname=...', $$COPY (SELECT 1) TO PROGRAM 'id'$$)` — command execution. Needs superuser or `pg_execute_server_program`, plus `dblink`. The read-only test suite covers none of these. ### PoC Point DBHub at a PostgreSQL source with read-only set on the tool: ```toml [[sources]] id = "default" dsn = "postgres://app:app@localhost:5432/app" [[tools]] name = "execute_sql" source = "default" readonly = true ``` Start it and call `execute_sql`: ``` npx @bytebase/dbhub@latest --transport http --port 8080 ``` With any role, a write that should be blocked goes through — the sequence value changes and the call returns success: ```sql SELECT setval('users_id_seq', 1); ``` With a privileged role, the rest are also accepted and executed: ```sql SELECT lo_export(lo_from_bytea(0, decode('48656c6c6f0a','hex')), '/tmp/dbhub_poc'); -- writes /tmp/dbhub_poc SELECT pg_read_file('/etc/passwd'); -- reads a host file SELECT dblink_exec('dbname=app', 'UPDATE users SET admin=true'); -- write via a new connection SELECT dblink_exec('dbname=app', $$COPY (SELECT 1) TO PROGRAM 'id > /tmp/pwned'$$); -- runs a shell command ``` The decision can be reproduced without a database by running the project's own `isReadOnlySQL` + `splitSQLStatements` (with `areAllStatementsReadOnly` copied from `src/tools/execute-sql.ts`) over the strings above: direct INSERT/UPDATE/DROP, data-modifying CTEs, `SELECT ... INTO`, and `EXPLAIN ANALYZE INSERT` are all rejected, while every function-based statement above returns read-only = true. ### Impact Affects all released versions up to and including 0.22.2, on both stdio and HTTP transports, for PostgreSQL and SQLite. `readonly = true` does not stop writes. Anyone who can reach the `execute_sql` input can modify data under read-only mode — a network caller of the unauthenticated `/mcp` endpoint, a malicious MCP client, or untrusted content reaching an agent wired to DBHub through prompt injection. When the configured database role is privileged (common, since DBHub is often pointed at an existing admin DSN), the same access yields arbitrary file write on the server, arbitrary host-file read, and remote code execution on the database host. --- ### Maintainer note (consolidation) Tracking this as the canonical advisory for "read-only mode does not prevent database writes." The following reports describe the same root cause (read-only enforced only by the keyword classifier; the connection-level backstop was never wired) and are closed as duplicates: - **GHSA-7rgf-cwgq-c2qc** — same unwired driver-level backstop, plus the SQLite write-effecting `PRAGMA` gap. - **GHSA-m689-287g-5xpc** — SQLite assignment-form `PRAGMA` write bypass (a subset of the above). Preserving the SQLite-specific remediation from those reports: in `isReadOnlySQL`, the assignment form `PRAGMA x = ...` must be classified as a write (only the query/introspection form is read-only), and SQLite read-only executions are additionally guarded at the engine via `PRAGMA query_only=ON`. GHSA-j656-3hf2-fvjc (MySQL/MariaDB `--` comment parsing + `multipleStatements`) is a distinct root cause and is tracked separately. Fix: https://github.com/bytebase/dbhub/pull/342 — adds engine-level read-only enforcement per tool (Postgres `BEGIN READ ONLY`, SQLite `query_only`, MySQL/MariaDB `START TRANSACTION READ ONLY`) plus the classifier hardening above.

Source published

24 Sep 2026 19:37:59 UTC

Source modified

24 Sep 2026 19:45:05 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:17:17 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS_V3 · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

Publisher rating · HIGH