russh: Agent server never calls `Agent::confirm`, so keys added with the confirm constraint (`ssh-add -c`) sign without confirmation

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russh is a Rust SSH client and server library that includes an SSH agent protocol implementation. From 0.50.0-beta.12 until 0.65.0, the agent server's Connection::try_sign path in russh/src/keys/agent/server.rs recognizes SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_CONFIRM but returns a hard-coded successful result instead of calling Agent::confirm. In applications that override Agent::confirm to require user approval or another policy check, a process that can reach the agent socket, including the remote side of a forwarded agent, can use a key added through ssh-add -c without that check and can authenticate or sign data as the user while the key remains loaded. The separate Agent::confirm_request hook still runs for every signing request, so checks implemented there remain effective, and implementations that retain the default always-successful Agent::confirm do not lose an approval check through this regression. This issue is fixed in version 0.65.0.

Source published

28 Oct 2026 17:06:57 UTC

Source modified

28 Oct 2026 17:06:57 UTC

Observed here

28 Oct 2026 18:46:48 UTC

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CVE Program Terms of Use

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CVSS 4.0 · 8.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N

russh is a Rust SSH client and server library that includes an SSH agent protocol implementation. From 0.50.0-beta.12 until 0.65.0, the agent server's Connection::try_sign path in russh/src/keys/agent/server.rs recognizes SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_CONFIRM but returns a hard-coded successful result instead of calling Agent::confirm. In applications that override Agent::confirm to require user approval or another policy check, a process that can reach the agent socket, including the remote side of a forwarded agent, can use a key added through ssh-add -c without that check and can authenticate or sign data as the user while the key remains loaded. The separate Agent::confirm_request hook still runs for every signing request, so checks implemented there remain effective, and implementations that retain the default always-successful Agent::confirm do not lose an approval check through this regression. This issue is fixed in version 0.65.0.

Source published

Oct 28, 2026, 5:06:57 PM (timezone not stated)

Source modified

Oct 28, 2026, 5:06:57 PM (timezone not stated)

Observed here

30 Oct 2026 23:48:11 UTC

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ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: euvd · ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

EUVD CVSS 4.0 · 8.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N

russh is a Rust SSH client and server library that includes an SSH agent protocol implementation. From 0.50.0-beta.12 until 0.65.0, the agent server's Connection::try_sign path in russh/src/keys/agent/server.rs recognizes SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_CONFIRM but returns a hard-coded successful result instead of calling Agent::confirm. In applications that override Agent::confirm to require user approval or another policy check, a process that can reach the agent socket, including the remote side of a forwarded agent, can use a key added through ssh-add -c without that check and can authenticate or sign data as the user while the key remains loaded. The separate Agent::confirm_request hook still runs for every signing request, so checks implemented there remain effective, and implementations that retain the default always-successful Agent::confirm do not lose an approval check through this regression. This issue is fixed in version 0.65.0.

Source published

28 Oct 2026 18:17:14 UTC

Source modified

28 Oct 2026 18:17:14 UTC

Observed here

30 Oct 2026 23:47:40 UTC

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NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: nvd · NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 4.0 · [email protected] · Secondary · 8.3 CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

### Summary The agent server in `russh::keys::agent::server` never calls `Agent::confirm` before signing with a key that was added with the confirm constraint. That constraint is `SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_CONFIRM` (RFC 9987 §5.2.7.2), which is what `ssh-add -c` sends. The call was replaced by a hard-coded `true` in 3e04597 ("Native async traits encore", #455), first released in 0.50.0-beta.12. Every release since, up to and including 0.64.1, signs requests for confirm-constrained keys without asking the `Agent` implementation. A user who added a key with `-c` is therefore never asked to confirm. ### Details `Connection::try_sign` notes that the key needs confirmation, then awaits a ready future instead of the agent ([server.rs L348-L360 at v0.64.1](https://github.com/Eugeny/russh/blob/e5d80a07dc554480b6ea3b2e14adfc190407b627/russh/src/keys/agent/server.rs#L348-L360)): ```rust let agent = if needs_confirm { let (agent, ok) = { let _pk = key.clone(); Box::new(futures::future::ready((agent, true))) } .await; if !ok { return Ok((agent, false)); } agent } else { agent }; ``` Before [3e04597](https://github.com/Eugeny/russh/commit/3e04597dc54e36bfc85c21996f7d8d9d224e9826) the first statement was `let (agent, ok) = agent.confirm(key.clone()).await;`. `try_sign` was checked in the published crates on crates.io: - Every russh release from 0.50.0-beta.12 to 0.64.1 (52 versions) has the hard-coded `true`. - russh 0.50.0-beta.8 to beta.11 call `agent.confirm`. - Earlier russh releases have no agent server. It lived in russh-keys, and no russh-keys release is affected. Not affected: - `Agent` implementations that keep the default `confirm`, which returns `true` anyway. - Checks made in `Agent::confirm_request`, which is still called with `MessageType::Sign` for every sign request ([L158-L159](https://github.com/Eugeny/russh/blob/e5d80a07dc554480b6ea3b2e14adfc190407b627/russh/src/keys/agent/server.rs#L158-L159)). - The agent client, and the SSH client and server. ### PoC 1. Add this test to `mod test` in `russh/src/keys/mod.rs`. It uses the module's existing `Incoming` helper and `ED25519_KEY`. 2. Run `cargo test -p russh --lib keys::test::test_agent_confirms_keys_added_with_the_confirm_constraint`. ```rust #[tokio::test] #[cfg(unix)] async fn test_agent_confirms_keys_added_with_the_confirm_constraint() { use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering}; // An agent whose user refuses every confirmation prompt. #[derive(Clone)] struct Refuse(std::sync::Arc<AtomicUsize>); impl agent::server::Agent for Refuse { fn confirm( self, _: std::sync::Arc<PrivateKey>, ) -> Box<dyn Future<Output = (Self, bool)> + Send + Unpin> { self.0.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst); Box::new(futures::future::ready((self, false))) } } let prompts = std::sync::Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)); let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap(); let agent_path = dir.path().join("agent"); let mut listener = tokio::net::UnixListener::bind(&agent_path).unwrap(); let agent = Refuse(prompts.clone()); tokio::spawn(async move { agent::server::serve( Incoming { listener: &mut listener, }, agent, ) .await }); let key = decode_secret_key(ED25519_KEY, Some("blabla")).unwrap(); let public = key.public_key().clone(); let stream = tokio::net::UnixStream::connect(&agent_path).await.unwrap(); let mut client = agent::client::AgentClient::connect(stream); // What `ssh-add -c` sends. client .add_identity(&key, &[agent::Constraint::Confirm]) .await .unwrap(); let signed = client .sign_request(&AgentIdentity::from(public), None, b"data".to_vec()) .await; let confirm_calls = prompts.load(Ordering::SeqCst); assert!( signed.is_err(), "the agent signed with a confirm-constrained key without asking: \ Agent::confirm was called {confirm_calls} time(s)" ); assert_eq!( confirm_calls, 1, "Agent::confirm should be asked exactly once" ); } ``` On v0.64.1 (e5d80a0) the test fails: ``` the agent signed with a confirm-constrained key without asking: Agent::confirm was called 0 time(s) ``` With the fix below it passes, and so do all 46 `keys::` tests. ### Impact A russh-based agent whose `Agent::confirm` asks the user, or applies any other check, signs every request for a confirm-constrained key without running that check. Anyone who can talk to the agent can then use the key without the user's approval: - other local processes of the user; - the remote host, when the agent is forwarded (`ssh -A`). Preventing exactly this is the purpose of the confirm constraint. RFC 9987 §10 names it as what stops an attacker with access to the agent from "stealing use of those keys". Because the agent accepts the constraint, `ssh-add -c` reports success and the user believes the key is protected. RFC 9987 §5.2.7 says an agent that does not support a constraint MUST refuse the key instead. The private key itself is not exposed. The impact is unauthorized use of it for as long as the attacker can reach the agent: logging in to other hosts as the user, or signing data such as git commits. **Known affected downstream user** (from its public code; not tested): Proton Pass desktop, which uses russh 0.62.7. - It adds every key with `Constraint::Confirm` ([mod.rs L332](https://github.com/ProtonMail/WebClients/blob/64862561fea883c1b4360b7338a0102eaad5c0fb/applications/pass-desktop/native/napi/src/ssh_agent/mod.rs#L332)). - It uses `Agent::confirm` as its "Pass is unlocked" check before signing, and defers `MessageType::Sign` from `confirm_request` to it ([L75-L100](https://github.com/ProtonMail/WebClients/blob/64862561fea883c1b4360b7338a0102eaad5c0fb/applications/pass-desktop/native/napi/src/ssh_agent/mod.rs#L75-L100)). That check never runs. - Proton also removes keys from the agent on lock and logout ([ssh-agent.middleware.ts L23-L27](https://github.com/ProtonMail/WebClients/blob/64862561fea883c1b4360b7338a0102eaad5c0fb/applications/pass/src/app/Store/ssh-agent.middleware.ts#L23-L27)). So the exposure there is limited to states in which keys stay loaded while Pass is not unlocked. Their own code notes, for example, that the agent persists across renderer reloads and account switches. ### Suggested fix ```diff --- a/russh/src/keys/agent/server.rs +++ b/russh/src/keys/agent/server.rs @@ -346,11 +346,7 @@ impl<S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Send + Unpin + 'static, A: Agent + Send + Sync } }; let agent = if needs_confirm { - let (agent, ok) = { - let _pk = key.clone(); - Box::new(futures::future::ready((agent, true))) - } - .await; + let (agent, ok) = agent.confirm(key.clone()).await; if !ok { return Ok((agent, false)); } ``` When `confirm` returns `false`, `try_sign` returns `false` and the agent answers `SSH_AGENT_FAILURE`, as it did before the regression. **Compatibility note for the release notes:** `confirm` is called again for confirm-constrained keys, so implementations that stub it out will now hit that stub. - For example, Litterbox implements `confirm` as `todo!()` ([agent.rs L81-L87](https://github.com/Gerharddc/Litterbox/blob/c2cc67b80926affecbaa5905a7480af17b1270f2/litterbox/src/agent.rs#L81-L87)). - Each connection runs in its own task, so such a panic ends only that connection. **Related but separate:** with the default `confirm`, the agent still accepts the confirm constraint without enforcing it. Given RFC 9987 §5.2.7, refusing such keys when the application does not implement `confirm` may be worth considering.

Source published

30 Oct 2026 22:59:08 UTC

Source modified

30 Oct 2026 23:15:08 UTC

Observed here

30 Oct 2026 23:47:35 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS_V4 · CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N

Publisher rating · HIGH