Axios: unbounded recursion in toFormData causes DoS via deeply nested request data
cve-program · CVE-2026-42039
PublishedAxios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
Read the publisher's advisoryeuvd · EUVD-2026-25605
PublishedAxios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
Read the publisher's advisorynvd · CVE-2026-42039
PublishedAxios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
Read the publisher's advisoryosv · GHSA-62hf-57xw-28j9
Published### Summary toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError. ### Details lib/helpers/toFormData.js:210 defines an inner `build(value, path)` that recurses into every object/array child (line 225: `build(el, path ? path.concat(key) : [key])`). The only safeguard is a `stack` array used to detect circular references; there is no maximum depth and no try/catch around the recursion. Because `build` calls itself once per nesting level, a payload nested roughly 2000+ levels deep exhausts V8's call stack. `toFormData` is the serializer behind `FormData` request bodies and `AxiosURLSearchParams` (used by `buildURL` when `params` is an object with `URLSearchParams` unavailable, see `lib/helpers/buildURL.js:53` and `lib/helpers/AxiosURLSearchParams.js:36`). Any server-side code that forwards a client-supplied object into `axios({ data, params })` therefore reaches the recursive walker with attacker-controlled depth. The RangeError is thrown synchronously from inside `forEach`, escapes `toFormData`, and propagates out of the axios request call. In typical Express/Fastify request handlers this terminates the running request; in synchronous startup paths or worker threads it can crash the whole process. ### PoC ```js import toFormData from 'axios/lib/helpers/toFormData.js'; import FormData from 'form-data'; function nest(depth) { let o = { leaf: 1 }; for (let i = 0; i < depth; i++) o = { a: o }; return o; } try { toFormData(nest(2500), new FormData()); } catch (e) { console.log(e.name + ': ' + e.message); } // RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded ``` Server-side reachability example: ```js // vulnerable proxy pattern app.post('/forward', async (req, res) => { await axios.post('https://upstream/api', req.body); // req.body user-controlled res.send('ok'); }); // attacker POST /forward with {"a":{"a":{"a":... 2500 deep ...}}} // -> toFormData build() overflows -> request handler crashes ``` Verified on axios 1.15.0 (latest, 2026-04-10), Node.js 20, 3/3 PoC runs reproduce the RangeError at depth 2500. ### Impact A remote, unauthenticated attacker who can influence an object passed to axios as request `data` or `params` triggers an uncaught RangeError inside the synchronous recursive walker. In server-side applications that proxy or re-send client JSON through axios this crashes the request handler and, in worker/cluster setups, the process. Fix by bounding recursion depth in `toFormData`'s `build` function (reject or throw on depths beyond a configurable limit, e.g. 100) or rewriting the walker iteratively.
Read the publisher's advisoryAffected versions, risk and source history
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cve-program · CVE-2026-42039
PublishedAxios: unbounded recursion in toFormData causes DoS via deeply nested request data
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
- Source published
- 24 Apr 2026 18:01:30 UTC
- Source modified
- 10 Sep 2026 12:04:56 UTC
- Saved here
- 23 Oct 2026 15:48:27 UTC
- Source terms
- CVE Program Terms of Use
Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON
Source: cve-program · CVE Program Terms of Use. The publisher's wording is preserved. ChangeIntel groups the information and labels changes. The JSON record includes additional source fields.
CVSS 4.0 · 6.9 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
euvd · EUVD-2026-25605
PublishedAxios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with …
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
Additional publisher context
EUVD source date text has no stated timezone and is retained without inventing a UTC instant. Related bulletin membership is not an alias, common cause or applicability claim. A missing vector with a zero score is treated as unrated. Complete vendor/product and underlying source evidence remains in the original JSON.
Original publisher date fields
datePublished: Apr 24, 2026, 6:01:30 PM
dateUpdated: Sep 10, 2026, 12:04:56 PM
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CVE-2026-6322 · CVE-2026-29181 · CVE-2026-40895 · CVE-2026-42033 · CVE-2026-42035 · CVE-2026-42039 · CVE-2026-42041 · CVE-2026-42043 · CVE-2026-42044
RHSA-2026:25089: Red Hat Security Advisory: HawtIO 4.4.0 for Red Hat build of Apache Camel 4 Release and security update.
CVE-2025-13465 · CVE-2025-61726 · CVE-2025-61729 · CVE-2026-1002 · CVE-2026-1605 · CVE-2026-2332 · CVE-2026-5795 · CVE-2026-6321 · CVE-2026-22731 · CVE-2026-24400 · CVE-2026-32280 · CVE-2026-32281 · CVE-2026-32282 · CVE-2026-33810 · CVE-2026-34478 · CVE-2026-34480 · CVE-2026-39852 · CVE-2026-40972 · CVE-2026-40973 · CVE-2026-40975 · CVE-2026-42033 · CVE-2026-42035 · CVE-2026-42039 · CVE-2026-42041 · CVE-2026-42043 · CVE-2026-42044
RHSA-2026:16532: Red Hat Security Advisory: Kiali 2.11.10 for Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.1
CVE-2026-32280 · CVE-2026-40895 · CVE-2026-42033 · CVE-2026-42035 · CVE-2026-42039 · CVE-2026-42041 · CVE-2026-42043 · CVE-2026-42044
RHSA-2026:24539: Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes v2.15.3 security update
CVE-2025-48431 · CVE-2026-33815 · CVE-2026-33816 · CVE-2026-40293 · CVE-2026-40890 · CVE-2026-40895 · CVE-2026-41602 · CVE-2026-41603 · CVE-2026-41604 · CVE-2026-41605 · CVE-2026-41606 · CVE-2026-41607 · CVE-2026-41636 · CVE-2026-42033 · CVE-2026-42035 · CVE-2026-42039 · CVE-2026-42041 · CVE-2026-42043 · CVE-2026-42044 · CVE-2026-43869
RHSA-2026:25041: Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Migration Toolkit for Containers
CVE-2026-25639 · CVE-2026-40175 · CVE-2026-42033 · CVE-2026-42035 · CVE-2026-42039 · CVE-2026-42041 · CVE-2026-42043 · CVE-2026-42044
RHSA-2026:16535: Red Hat Security Advisory: Kiali 2.17.7 for Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.2
CVE-2026-32280 · CVE-2026-40895 · CVE-2026-42033 · CVE-2026-42035 · CVE-2026-42039 · CVE-2026-42041 · CVE-2026-42043 · CVE-2026-42044
RHSA-2026:17657: Red Hat Security Advisory: multicluster engine for Kubernetes v2.6.11 security update
CVE-2025-62718 · CVE-2026-40175 · CVE-2026-40895 · CVE-2026-42033 · CVE-2026-42035 · CVE-2026-42039 · CVE-2026-42041 · CVE-2026-42043 · CVE-2026-42044
RHSA-2026:33574: Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9.6 release.
CVE-2026-9277 · CVE-2026-9673 · CVE-2026-27145 · CVE-2026-33811 · CVE-2026-39820 · CVE-2026-42033 · CVE-2026-42035 · CVE-2026-42039 · CVE-2026-42041 · CVE-2026-42043 · CVE-2026-42044 · CVE-2026-42338 · CVE-2026-42499 · CVE-2026-44486 · CVE-2026-44487 · CVE-2026-44488 · CVE-2026-44492 · CVE-2026-44494 · CVE-2026-44495 · CVE-2026-44496 · CVE-2026-44724 · CVE-2026-45736 · CVE-2026-47131 · CVE-2026-47135 · CVE-2026-47137 · CVE-2026-47139 · CVE-2026-47140 · CVE-2026-47141 · CVE-2026-47208 · CVE-2026-47209 · CVE-2026-48779
RHSA-2026:24977: Red Hat Security Advisory: RHOAI 2.25.7 - Red Hat OpenShift AI
CVE-2025-14813 · CVE-2025-48956 · CVE-2025-61726 · CVE-2025-62718 · CVE-2025-69227 · CVE-2025-69228 · CVE-2026-1462 · CVE-2026-4800 · CVE-2026-6321 · CVE-2026-23490 · CVE-2026-24747 · CVE-2026-25048 · CVE-2026-25960 · CVE-2026-27489 · CVE-2026-27893 · CVE-2026-28500 · CVE-2026-28684 · CVE-2026-29063 · CVE-2026-29074 · CVE-2026-31958 · CVE-2026-32280 · CVE-2026-32597 · CVE-2026-32981 · CVE-2026-33186 · CVE-2026-33231 · CVE-2026-34986 · CVE-2026-34993 · CVE-2026-39892 · CVE-2026-40192 · CVE-2026-40895 · CVE-2026-41240 · CVE-2026-41242 · CVE-2026-42033 · CVE-2026-42035 · CVE-2026-42039 · CVE-2026-42041 · CVE-2026-42043
RHSA-2026:23361: Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Quay 3.9.22
CVE-2025-61726 · CVE-2025-61728 · CVE-2025-62718 · CVE-2026-2377 · CVE-2026-4427 · CVE-2026-4598 · CVE-2026-32280 · CVE-2026-32281 · CVE-2026-32282 · CVE-2026-32589 · CVE-2026-32590 · CVE-2026-33894 · CVE-2026-34986 · CVE-2026-39892 · CVE-2026-40192 · CVE-2026-40895 · CVE-2026-42033 · CVE-2026-42035 · CVE-2026-42039 · CVE-2026-42041 · CVE-2026-42043 · CVE-2026-42044
RHSA-2026:16542: Red Hat Security Advisory: Kiali 2.22.3 for Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.3
CVE-2026-32280 · CVE-2026-40895 · CVE-2026-42033 · CVE-2026-42035 · CVE-2026-42039 · CVE-2026-42041 · CVE-2026-42043 · CVE-2026-42044
- Source published
- Apr 24, 2026, 6:01:30 PM (timezone not stated)
- Source modified
- Sep 10, 2026, 12:04:56 PM (timezone not stated)
- Saved here
- 13 Nov 2026 12:01:43 UTC
- Source terms
- ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply
Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON
Source: euvd · ENISA EUVD · source terms and attribution apply. The publisher's wording is preserved. ChangeIntel groups the information and labels changes. The JSON record includes additional source fields.
EUVD CVSS 4.0 · 6.9 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
nvd · CVE-2026-42039
PublishedAxios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with …
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
Additional publisher context
NVD analysis and CPE criteria are source context, not proof that a package or your environment is affected. Complete affected data, logical configurations and SSVC are retained in the original JSON.
Source analysis status: Modified
Weakness classifications: CWE-674 · CWE-770
Original publisher date fields
published: 2026-04-24T18:16:30.827
lastModified: 2026-11-11T23:10:00.263
1 source CPE criteria · context only
- cpe:2.3:a:axios:axios:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
The original JSON retains the logical configuration operators, exclusions and version bounds.
- Source published
- 24 Apr 2026 18:16:30 UTC
- Source modified
- 11 Nov 2026 23:10:00 UTC
- Saved here
- 12 Nov 2026 16:19:25 UTC
- Source terms
- NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained
Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON
Source: nvd · NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained. The publisher's wording is preserved. ChangeIntel groups the information and labels changes. The JSON record includes additional source fields.
CVSS 4.0 · [email protected] · Secondary · 6.9 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X
CVSS 3.1 · [email protected] · Primary · 7.5 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
CVSS 3.1 · 0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c · Secondary · 7.5 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
osv · GHSA-62hf-57xw-28j9
PublishedAxios: unbounded recursion in toFormData causes DoS via deeply nested request data
### Summary toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError. ### Details lib/helpers/toFormData.js:210 defines an inner `build(value, path)` that recurses into every object/array child (line 225: `build(el, path ? path.concat(key) : [key])`). The only safeguard is a `stack` array used to detect circular references; there is no maximum depth and no try/catch around the recursion. Because `build` calls itself once per nesting level, a payload nested roughly 2000+ levels deep exhausts V8's call stack. `toFormData` is the serializer behind `FormData` request bodies and `AxiosURLSearchParams` (used by `buildURL` when `params` is an object with `URLSearchParams` unavailable, see `lib/helpers/buildURL.js:53` and `lib/helpers/AxiosURLSearchParams.js:36`). Any server-side code that forwards a client-supplied object into `axios({ data, params })` therefore reaches the recursive walker with attacker-controlled depth. The RangeError is thrown synchronously from inside `forEach`, escapes `toFormData`, and propagates out of the axios request call. In typical Express/Fastify request handlers this terminates the running request; in synchronous startup paths or worker threads it can crash the whole process. ### PoC ```js import toFormData from 'axios/lib/helpers/toFormData.js'; import FormData from 'form-data'; function nest(depth) { let o = { leaf: 1 }; for (let i = 0; i < depth; i++) o = { a: o }; return o; } try { toFormData(nest(2500), new FormData()); } catch (e) { console.log(e.name + ': ' + e.message); } // RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded ``` Server-side reachability example: ```js // vulnerable proxy pattern app.post('/forward', async (req, res) => { await axios.post('https://upstream/api', req.body); // req.body user-controlled res.send('ok'); }); // attacker POST /forward with {"a":{"a":{"a":... 2500 deep ...}}} // -> toFormData build() overflows -> request handler crashes ``` Verified on axios 1.15.0 (latest, 2026-04-10), Node.js 20, 3/3 PoC runs reproduce the RangeError at depth 2500. ### Impact A remote, unauthenticated attacker who can influence an object passed to axios as request `data` or `params` triggers an uncaught RangeError inside the synchronous recursive walker. In server-side applications that proxy or re-send client JSON through axios this crashes the request handler and, in worker/cluster setups, the process. Fix by bounding recursion depth in `toFormData`'s `build` function (reject or throw on depths beyond a configurable limit, e.g. 100) or rewriting the walker iteratively.
- Source published
- 5 May 2026 00:34:32 UTC
- Source modified
- 10 Sep 2026 03:50:45 UTC
- Saved here
- 24 Oct 2026 13:17:17 UTC
- Source terms
- GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0
Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON
Source: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. The publisher's wording is preserved. ChangeIntel groups the information and labels changes. The JSON record includes additional source fields.
CVSS_V3 · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
CVSS_V4 · CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Publisher rating · MODERATE